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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This editorial refers to the article &#8220;The smoker&#39;s paradox in acute coronary syndromes &#8211; is it real&#63;&#8221; by Madalena Coutinho Cruz and co-workers&#44; published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to assess the possible protection provided by smoking during the in-hospital period and in the first year after acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41;&#44; the so-called &#8216;smoker&#39;s paradox&#8217;&#44; the authors collected data from all consecutive patients &#40;n&#61;3298&#41; hospitalized due to ACS in their center between 2005 and 2014&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After excluding former smokers &#40;n&#61;368&#41; and patients treated by fibrinolysis &#40;n&#61;203&#41;&#44; and taking into consideration potential confounding factors related to smokers&#8217; prothrombotic status&#44; the authors performed a retrospective analysis of the remaining 2727 patients&#44; comparing two groups&#58; current smokers &#40;n&#61;1138&#44; 41&#46;7&#37; of the population&#41; and non-smokers &#40;n&#61;1589&#44; 58&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Two endpoints were defined&#58; in-hospital mortality and a composite endpoint including all-cause mortality&#44; rehospitalization for cardiovascular causes&#44; angiography&#44; percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgery at one year after ACS&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They found that current smokers&#44; on average 15 years younger at presentation&#44; showed a higher rate of STEMI than non-smokers &#40;69&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 56&#46;3&#37;&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; in whom NSTEMI predominated&#46; Current smokers also had a more benign clinical&#44; hemodynamic and angiographic profile at hospital admission and a better in-hospital course&#46; They also appeared to have a more favorable prognosis at one year&#44; although they were more likely to be revascularized&#44; mainly by PCI &#40;84&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 67&#46;0&#37; in non-smokers&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; during hospital stay and in follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The raw data assessed by univariate statistics suggested that the smoker&#39;s paradox would be found in this population&#44; but after multivariate analysis with full adjustment for age&#44; gender&#44; heart rate&#44; systolic blood pressure&#44; Killip class&#44; creatinine at admission and ACS type&#44; all the differences disappeared&#44; supporting the authors&#8217; conclusions that the smoker&#39;s paradox was not observed in the study population and that the initial apparent differences in outcome could be explained simply by smokers&#8217; lower baseline risk&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#39;s data and conclusions&#44; coming from a tertiary center with a large ACS population&#44; managed by current state-of-the-art drug regimes and interventions&#44; are significant&#46; To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first paper published in Portugal to study the smoker&#39;s paradox with a sufficiently large population and with sufficient statistical power to support its conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The topic addressed by the authors is important&#44; since several articles have been published in high-ranking medical journals &#40;although contradicted by many others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#41; that suggest the existence of a paradoxical protection afforded by smoking in patients with coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#44; heart failure and stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is cited by many patients as an argument for not quitting smoking&#44; losing weight or strictly controlling their other risk factors&#44; since they believe that they would benefit from the lower residual cardiovascular risk due to the protection conferred by tobacco smoking&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arguments are also made in favor of electronic cigarettes&#46; There is the perception that e-cigarettes are neutral for cardiovascular health&#44; but this is not supported by epidemiological studies&#44; since none have yet been performed to elucidate the impact of new forms of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This misperception is clearly contradicted by other trials&#46; The Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes &#40;OASIS&#41; 5 trial&#44; which included 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>809 ACS patients&#44; showed that smoking cessation reduced the risk of a new ACS by 43&#37; at six months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has some limitations&#44; most of them acknowledged by the authors&#58; its retrospective nature&#44; and the lack of data regarding smoking burden and on compliance with drug regimes and cardiovascular mortality after discharge&#46; None of these should be considered a major challenge to the study&#39;s conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would also have been interesting to assess the patients&#8217; global cardiovascular risk previous to ACS&#44; by the EuroSCORE or another tool validated for the Portuguese population&#44; to ascertain whether the overall risk of smokers&#44; who also had higher rates of dyslipidemia and family history of CAD&#44; would have been predicted to be similar to the non-smokers group&#44; who were 15 years older and had higher rates of hypertension and diabetes&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another interesting exercise would be to study the consequences of differences in smoking burden in terms of cardiovascular risk&#44; considering that greater numbers of pack&#47;years are associated with increased risk&#46; With this information it would be possible to quantify the risk of smoking in a different way&#44; demonstrating&#44; according to Bradford Hill&#39;s causal criteria&#44; a risk that increases proportionally to the smoking burden&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the study had included only patients in whom the index ACS was the first manifestation of CAD&#44; its findings and conclusions would probably be even stronger&#46; The study population would decrease by excluding patients with previously known CAD &#40;35&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; stroke&#47;transient ischemic attack &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41; and peripheral arterial disease &#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; but this would probably would strengthen the study&#39;s conclusions&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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The smoker's paradox: Not an argument against quitting smoking after acute coronary syndrome
Paradoxo do tabagismo na síndrome coronária aguda - não se trata de um argumento contra deixar de fumar após a síndrome coronariana aguda!
Miguel Mendes
Hospital de Santa Cruz-CHLO, Carnaxide, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This editorial refers to the article &#8220;The smoker&#39;s paradox in acute coronary syndromes &#8211; is it real&#63;&#8221; by Madalena Coutinho Cruz and co-workers&#44; published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to assess the possible protection provided by smoking during the in-hospital period and in the first year after acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41;&#44; the so-called &#8216;smoker&#39;s paradox&#8217;&#44; the authors collected data from all consecutive patients &#40;n&#61;3298&#41; hospitalized due to ACS in their center between 2005 and 2014&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After excluding former smokers &#40;n&#61;368&#41; and patients treated by fibrinolysis &#40;n&#61;203&#41;&#44; and taking into consideration potential confounding factors related to smokers&#8217; prothrombotic status&#44; the authors performed a retrospective analysis of the remaining 2727 patients&#44; comparing two groups&#58; current smokers &#40;n&#61;1138&#44; 41&#46;7&#37; of the population&#41; and non-smokers &#40;n&#61;1589&#44; 58&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Two endpoints were defined&#58; in-hospital mortality and a composite endpoint including all-cause mortality&#44; rehospitalization for cardiovascular causes&#44; angiography&#44; percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgery at one year after ACS&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They found that current smokers&#44; on average 15 years younger at presentation&#44; showed a higher rate of STEMI than non-smokers &#40;69&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 56&#46;3&#37;&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; in whom NSTEMI predominated&#46; Current smokers also had a more benign clinical&#44; hemodynamic and angiographic profile at hospital admission and a better in-hospital course&#46; They also appeared to have a more favorable prognosis at one year&#44; although they were more likely to be revascularized&#44; mainly by PCI &#40;84&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 67&#46;0&#37; in non-smokers&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; during hospital stay and in follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The raw data assessed by univariate statistics suggested that the smoker&#39;s paradox would be found in this population&#44; but after multivariate analysis with full adjustment for age&#44; gender&#44; heart rate&#44; systolic blood pressure&#44; Killip class&#44; creatinine at admission and ACS type&#44; all the differences disappeared&#44; supporting the authors&#8217; conclusions that the smoker&#39;s paradox was not observed in the study population and that the initial apparent differences in outcome could be explained simply by smokers&#8217; lower baseline risk&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#39;s data and conclusions&#44; coming from a tertiary center with a large ACS population&#44; managed by current state-of-the-art drug regimes and interventions&#44; are significant&#46; To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first paper published in Portugal to study the smoker&#39;s paradox with a sufficiently large population and with sufficient statistical power to support its conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The topic addressed by the authors is important&#44; since several articles have been published in high-ranking medical journals &#40;although contradicted by many others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#41; that suggest the existence of a paradoxical protection afforded by smoking in patients with coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#44; heart failure and stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is cited by many patients as an argument for not quitting smoking&#44; losing weight or strictly controlling their other risk factors&#44; since they believe that they would benefit from the lower residual cardiovascular risk due to the protection conferred by tobacco smoking&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arguments are also made in favor of electronic cigarettes&#46; There is the perception that e-cigarettes are neutral for cardiovascular health&#44; but this is not supported by epidemiological studies&#44; since none have yet been performed to elucidate the impact of new forms of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This misperception is clearly contradicted by other trials&#46; The Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes &#40;OASIS&#41; 5 trial&#44; which included 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>809 ACS patients&#44; showed that smoking cessation reduced the risk of a new ACS by 43&#37; at six months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has some limitations&#44; most of them acknowledged by the authors&#58; its retrospective nature&#44; and the lack of data regarding smoking burden and on compliance with drug regimes and cardiovascular mortality after discharge&#46; None of these should be considered a major challenge to the study&#39;s conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would also have been interesting to assess the patients&#8217; global cardiovascular risk previous to ACS&#44; by the EuroSCORE or another tool validated for the Portuguese population&#44; to ascertain whether the overall risk of smokers&#44; who also had higher rates of dyslipidemia and family history of CAD&#44; would have been predicted to be similar to the non-smokers group&#44; who were 15 years older and had higher rates of hypertension and diabetes&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another interesting exercise would be to study the consequences of differences in smoking burden in terms of cardiovascular risk&#44; considering that greater numbers of pack&#47;years are associated with increased risk&#46; With this information it would be possible to quantify the risk of smoking in a different way&#44; demonstrating&#44; according to Bradford Hill&#39;s causal criteria&#44; a risk that increases proportionally to the smoking burden&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the study had included only patients in whom the index ACS was the first manifestation of CAD&#44; its findings and conclusions would probably be even stronger&#46; The study population would decrease by excluding patients with previously known CAD &#40;35&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; stroke&#47;transient ischemic attack &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41; and peripheral arterial disease &#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; but this would probably would strengthen the study&#39;s conclusions&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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