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particularly in its early stages&#44; progression of the disease often leads to right heart failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a> Contrary to previous conceptions regarding the natural history of TR&#44; contemporary data show that TR may progress after left-sided valve intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#8211;8</span></a> This is relevant given that&#44; contrary to early tricuspid intervention&#44; re-operation is often associated with a high risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have also shown that&#44; in different clinical contexts&#44; TR is associated with adverse outcomes&#44; namely mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#8211;12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These considerations have led to a new interest in the field of percutaneous intervention in functional TR&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8</span></a> which could provide a new option in high-risk patients&#46; However&#44; challenges concerning the anatomy of the tricuspid valve as well as the impact of hemodynamic factors in its adequate quantification have been important considerations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6&#44;8</span></a> Different devices have been designed in an attempt to address this issue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> One such device&#44; the Mitralign system &#40;Mitralign Inc&#46;&#44; Tewksbury&#44; Massachusetts&#41;&#44; originally developed in the context of functional mitral regurgitation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> has been successfully implanted in a patient with severe TR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This device replicates the Kay procedure&#44; first described over 50 years ago&#44; in which the tricuspid valve is converted into a mitral-like valve after plication of the valve annulus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case in Portugal to our knowledge of percutaneous TR treatment with the Mitralign system&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Summary description</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique used was similar to the one described by Schofer <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In short&#44; with this technique&#44; the Mitralign system is used to place pledgeted sutures &#40;via a trans-jugular approach&#41; so that the tricuspid valve annulus can be plicated&#44; thus leading to a bicuspidization of this valve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;14</span></a> &#91;Supplemental video 1 shows the different steps of the procedure&#44; as assessed by transesophageal echocardiogram&#58; A &#40;pre-procedure&#44; surgeon&#39;s view of the tricuspid valve&#41;&#44; B&#8211;C &#40;implantation of the first pledget&#41;&#44; D &#40;implantation of the second pledget&#41;&#44; E&#8211;G &#40;locking and bicuspidization of valve&#41;&#44; H &#40;post-procedure&#44; surgeon&#39;s view of the tricuspid valve&#41;&#93;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-procedure planning included transesophageal echocardiography &#40;TEE&#41; in order to assess tricuspid valve anatomy and physiology&#46; The procedure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span> was done with 2D and 3D TEE guidance&#44; under general anesthesia&#44; with anticoagulation by unfractionated heparin &#40;under activated clotting time &#91;ACT&#93; guidance&#41;&#46; Arterial access was obtained via a 6F right femoral cannula&#44; and venous access was obtained via two 14F right jugular cannulas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Case report</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 77-year-old woman&#44; who was referred to our department due to symptomatic heart failure despite diuretic therapy&#46; She had undergone mitral valve replacement &#40;with a mechanical valve prosthesis&#41; ten years prior to referral&#46; Other relevant pathological history included permanent atrial fibrillation and dyslipidemia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Her TEE showed biatrial dilatation&#44; mild aortic regurgitation&#44; a normally implanted and adequately functioning mitral valve prosthesis&#44; moderate-to-severe TR and preserved biventricular function &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She had been assessed for possible surgical intervention&#44; but due to perceived high surgical risk &#40;namely in the context of previous cardiac intervention and overall clinical status&#44; the patient presenting with a EuroSCORE &#91;European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation&#93; II score of 10&#46;59&#37; and a Log EuroSCORE of 29&#46;30&#37;&#41;&#44; she was put forward for a percutaneous approach&#46; After discussion and review of the case&#44; she was accepted for percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention with the Mitralign system &#40;compassionate use of the procedure&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to implantation&#44; her TEE showed a tricuspid annular area of 13 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and an effective regurgitant orifice &#40;ERO&#41; area &#40;calculated by the proximal isovelocity surface area &#91;PISA&#93; method&#41; of 0&#46;4 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The procedure was undertaken as previously described<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;supplemental video 1&#41;&#46; A first pledget was placed in the tricuspid ring in the commissure between the septal and the posterior leaflet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>A&#41;&#59; a second pledget was placed at about 24 mm in the valve annulus near the edge of the posterior leaflet&#46; Subsequently&#44; plication of the posterior leaflet was performed&#44; with consequent bicuspidization of the valve&#44; thus reducing the area of the valve ring to 9 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figures 2B and 2C</a>&#41;&#46; No immediate complications arose&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the procedure&#44; the patient developed a femoral hematoma&#44; which resolved with supportive care without the need for interventional treatment or blood transfusion&#46; She had a favorable clinical course&#44; and the remainder of hospitalization was uneventful&#44; with the patient being discharged eight days after admission&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the one-month follow-up&#44; the patient maintained optimized pharmacological therapy&#44; and was clinically improved &#40;as self-reported&#41;&#44; completing 280 meters during a six-minute walk test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 225 meters prior to intervention&#41;&#46; Although clinically improved&#44; diuretic utilization was maintained&#44; and no down-grading of dose was performed at this follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A follow-up TEE showed mild-to-moderate TR&#44; with an ERO area &#40;calculated by PISA&#41; of 0&#46;2 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and a regurgitant volume of 18 mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#44; and preserved RV function&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the successful use of the Mitralign system in the treatment of a case of functional TR in a patient at high operatory risk &#40;deemed not to be a candidate for surgical treatment&#41;&#44; who was symptomatic despite diuretic therapy&#46; Although she continued to require optimized pharmacological treatment&#44; the patient&#39;s symptoms improved with a significant reduction in the degree of TR as assessed by TEE&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional TR occurring in patients after left-sided valve intervention presents important challenges&#44; namely an increased surgical risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;16</span></a> Various factors&#44; such as advanced age&#44; frailty and different comorbidities add to this risk and&#44; as such&#44; there is still an unmet need in terms of the management of functional TR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imaging techniques &#40;with a special emphasis on echocardiography&#41; are becoming increasingly crucial in the different stages of percutaneous procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> In the case reported above&#44; the use of echocardiography at different time points&#44; and especially during the procedure &#40;supplemental video 1&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#44; is critical for a good outcome&#46; However&#44; other modalities&#44; such as cardiac computed tomography &#40;which facilitates a precise assessment of the tricuspid annulus and surrounding structures&#44; and also of possible access sites&#41; are also gaining a prominent role in different percutaneous approaches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> As different systems are being assessed in clinical practice&#44; the interplay between imaging and intervention will become increasingly important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of our report include the fact that only one case&#44; and with a limited follow-up &#40;of only one month&#41;&#44; was presented&#46; As such&#44; more data with a higher number of patients will be needed in order to further clarify the role of this procedure in routine clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The impact of this percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention in terms of morbidity &#40;namely&#44; if the symptomatic improvement will be maintained in mid- and long-term follow-up&#44; and what the optimal pharmacological management will be after the intervention&#41; and especially mortality&#44; also need further clarification&#46; Longer follow-up would also be important to see if a downgrade in diuretic therapy would be possible&#44; while maintaining clinical improvement&#46; In addition&#44; the fact that this procedure is technically demanding &#40;both in terms of the valve procedure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#44; and the need for advanced imaging&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> is an important consideration&#46; However&#44; taking into account the scarcity of data concerning percutaneous TR intervention with this device&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;14</span></a> our results concur with those previously reported&#44; and are promising given the clinical and echocardiographic improvement of the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although this is a new field&#44; this description adds to our knowledge concerning percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention&#44; a field whose complexity is only just beginning to be grasped&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Heart failure"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Functional tricuspid regurgitation is a prevalent disease&#44; especially among patients with other valve disorders&#44; and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality&#46; Its management is challenging&#44; and many patients deemed at high surgical risk are managed conservatively&#46; Despite optimization of pharmacological treatment&#44; many patients continue to be symptomatic&#44; thus leading to interest in percutaneous interventional techniques&#46; The Mitralign system has recently been used for the treatment of functional tricuspid regurgitation&#44; with favorable clinical and imaging results&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case in Portugal to our knowledge of percutaneous tricuspid regurgitation treatment with the Mitralign system&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide funcional &#233; uma patologia prevalente&#44; especialmente em doentes com outras valvulopatias&#44; podendo estar associada a importante morbilidade e mortalidade&#46; A sua abordagem &#233; desafiante&#44; sendo que diversos doentes considerados de alto risco cir&#250;rgico s&#227;o abordados conservadoramente&#46; Apesar do aprimoramento farmacol&#243;gico&#44; muitos mant&#234;m sintomas&#44; o que leva ao interesse em formas de tratamento percut&#226;neo&#46; O sistema Mitralign foi recentemente usado nesse contexto&#44; com resultados cl&#237;nicos e imagiol&#243;gicos favor&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reportamos aquele que &#233;&#44; no nosso conhecimento&#44; o primeiro caso de tratamento percut&#226;neo de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide com o sistema Mitralign&#44; em Portugal&#46;</p></span>"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation&#58; a forgotten entity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Tornos Mas"
                            1 => "J&#46;F&#46; Rodr&#237;guez-Palomares"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Antunes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307252"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Heart"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "101"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1840"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503944"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral&#44; tricuspid&#44; and aortic regurgitation &#40;the Framingham Heart Study&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Singh"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Evans"
                            2 => "D&#46; Levy"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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Case report
Percutaneous treatment of tricuspid regurgitation: A new therapeutic horizon
Intervenção percutânea na regurgitação tricúspide: um novo horizonte terapêutico
Eduardo M. Vilela
Corresponding author
eduardomvilela@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, José Ribeiro, João Almeida, Marlene Fonseca, Adelaide Dias, João Primo, Pedro Braga, Vasco Gama
Hospital Center of Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Cardiology Department, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tricuspid regurgitation &#40;TR&#41; is a clinical entity with significant prevalence&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> and is frequently associated with other valve disorders &#40;especially mitral valve disease&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In western countries&#44; functional &#40;or secondary&#41; TR due to right ventricle &#40;RV&#41; and&#47;or tricuspid annular dilatation in the context of pressure or volume overload &#40;such as left-sided valve disease&#44; pulmonary hypertension or RV dysfunction&#41; is the most common etiology of TR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although TR may be well tolerated&#44; particularly in its early stages&#44; progression of the disease often leads to right heart failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a> Contrary to previous conceptions regarding the natural history of TR&#44; contemporary data show that TR may progress after left-sided valve intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#8211;8</span></a> This is relevant given that&#44; contrary to early tricuspid intervention&#44; re-operation is often associated with a high risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have also shown that&#44; in different clinical contexts&#44; TR is associated with adverse outcomes&#44; namely mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#8211;12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These considerations have led to a new interest in the field of percutaneous intervention in functional TR&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8</span></a> which could provide a new option in high-risk patients&#46; However&#44; challenges concerning the anatomy of the tricuspid valve as well as the impact of hemodynamic factors in its adequate quantification have been important considerations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6&#44;8</span></a> Different devices have been designed in an attempt to address this issue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> One such device&#44; the Mitralign system &#40;Mitralign Inc&#46;&#44; Tewksbury&#44; Massachusetts&#41;&#44; originally developed in the context of functional mitral regurgitation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> has been successfully implanted in a patient with severe TR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This device replicates the Kay procedure&#44; first described over 50 years ago&#44; in which the tricuspid valve is converted into a mitral-like valve after plication of the valve annulus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case in Portugal to our knowledge of percutaneous TR treatment with the Mitralign system&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Summary description</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique used was similar to the one described by Schofer <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In short&#44; with this technique&#44; the Mitralign system is used to place pledgeted sutures &#40;via a trans-jugular approach&#41; so that the tricuspid valve annulus can be plicated&#44; thus leading to a bicuspidization of this valve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;14</span></a> &#91;Supplemental video 1 shows the different steps of the procedure&#44; as assessed by transesophageal echocardiogram&#58; A &#40;pre-procedure&#44; surgeon&#39;s view of the tricuspid valve&#41;&#44; B&#8211;C &#40;implantation of the first pledget&#41;&#44; D &#40;implantation of the second pledget&#41;&#44; E&#8211;G &#40;locking and bicuspidization of valve&#41;&#44; H &#40;post-procedure&#44; surgeon&#39;s view of the tricuspid valve&#41;&#93;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-procedure planning included transesophageal echocardiography &#40;TEE&#41; in order to assess tricuspid valve anatomy and physiology&#46; The procedure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span> was done with 2D and 3D TEE guidance&#44; under general anesthesia&#44; with anticoagulation by unfractionated heparin &#40;under activated clotting time &#91;ACT&#93; guidance&#41;&#46; Arterial access was obtained via a 6F right femoral cannula&#44; and venous access was obtained via two 14F right jugular cannulas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Case report</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 77-year-old woman&#44; who was referred to our department due to symptomatic heart failure despite diuretic therapy&#46; She had undergone mitral valve replacement &#40;with a mechanical valve prosthesis&#41; ten years prior to referral&#46; Other relevant pathological history included permanent atrial fibrillation and dyslipidemia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Her TEE showed biatrial dilatation&#44; mild aortic regurgitation&#44; a normally implanted and adequately functioning mitral valve prosthesis&#44; moderate-to-severe TR and preserved biventricular function &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She had been assessed for possible surgical intervention&#44; but due to perceived high surgical risk &#40;namely in the context of previous cardiac intervention and overall clinical status&#44; the patient presenting with a EuroSCORE &#91;European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation&#93; II score of 10&#46;59&#37; and a Log EuroSCORE of 29&#46;30&#37;&#41;&#44; she was put forward for a percutaneous approach&#46; After discussion and review of the case&#44; she was accepted for percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention with the Mitralign system &#40;compassionate use of the procedure&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to implantation&#44; her TEE showed a tricuspid annular area of 13 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and an effective regurgitant orifice &#40;ERO&#41; area &#40;calculated by the proximal isovelocity surface area &#91;PISA&#93; method&#41; of 0&#46;4 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The procedure was undertaken as previously described<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;supplemental video 1&#41;&#46; A first pledget was placed in the tricuspid ring in the commissure between the septal and the posterior leaflet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>A&#41;&#59; a second pledget was placed at about 24 mm in the valve annulus near the edge of the posterior leaflet&#46; Subsequently&#44; plication of the posterior leaflet was performed&#44; with consequent bicuspidization of the valve&#44; thus reducing the area of the valve ring to 9 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figures 2B and 2C</a>&#41;&#46; No immediate complications arose&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the procedure&#44; the patient developed a femoral hematoma&#44; which resolved with supportive care without the need for interventional treatment or blood transfusion&#46; She had a favorable clinical course&#44; and the remainder of hospitalization was uneventful&#44; with the patient being discharged eight days after admission&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the one-month follow-up&#44; the patient maintained optimized pharmacological therapy&#44; and was clinically improved &#40;as self-reported&#41;&#44; completing 280 meters during a six-minute walk test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 225 meters prior to intervention&#41;&#46; Although clinically improved&#44; diuretic utilization was maintained&#44; and no down-grading of dose was performed at this follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A follow-up TEE showed mild-to-moderate TR&#44; with an ERO area &#40;calculated by PISA&#41; of 0&#46;2 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and a regurgitant volume of 18 mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#44; and preserved RV function&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the successful use of the Mitralign system in the treatment of a case of functional TR in a patient at high operatory risk &#40;deemed not to be a candidate for surgical treatment&#41;&#44; who was symptomatic despite diuretic therapy&#46; Although she continued to require optimized pharmacological treatment&#44; the patient&#39;s symptoms improved with a significant reduction in the degree of TR as assessed by TEE&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional TR occurring in patients after left-sided valve intervention presents important challenges&#44; namely an increased surgical risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;16</span></a> Various factors&#44; such as advanced age&#44; frailty and different comorbidities add to this risk and&#44; as such&#44; there is still an unmet need in terms of the management of functional TR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imaging techniques &#40;with a special emphasis on echocardiography&#41; are becoming increasingly crucial in the different stages of percutaneous procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> In the case reported above&#44; the use of echocardiography at different time points&#44; and especially during the procedure &#40;supplemental video 1&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#44; is critical for a good outcome&#46; However&#44; other modalities&#44; such as cardiac computed tomography &#40;which facilitates a precise assessment of the tricuspid annulus and surrounding structures&#44; and also of possible access sites&#41; are also gaining a prominent role in different percutaneous approaches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> As different systems are being assessed in clinical practice&#44; the interplay between imaging and intervention will become increasingly important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of our report include the fact that only one case&#44; and with a limited follow-up &#40;of only one month&#41;&#44; was presented&#46; As such&#44; more data with a higher number of patients will be needed in order to further clarify the role of this procedure in routine clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The impact of this percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention in terms of morbidity &#40;namely&#44; if the symptomatic improvement will be maintained in mid- and long-term follow-up&#44; and what the optimal pharmacological management will be after the intervention&#41; and especially mortality&#44; also need further clarification&#46; Longer follow-up would also be important to see if a downgrade in diuretic therapy would be possible&#44; while maintaining clinical improvement&#46; In addition&#44; the fact that this procedure is technically demanding &#40;both in terms of the valve procedure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#44; and the need for advanced imaging&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> is an important consideration&#46; However&#44; taking into account the scarcity of data concerning percutaneous TR intervention with this device&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;14</span></a> our results concur with those previously reported&#44; and are promising given the clinical and echocardiographic improvement of the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although this is a new field&#44; this description adds to our knowledge concerning percutaneous tricuspid valve intervention&#44; a field whose complexity is only just beginning to be grasped&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Functional tricuspid regurgitation is a prevalent disease&#44; especially among patients with other valve disorders&#44; and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality&#46; Its management is challenging&#44; and many patients deemed at high surgical risk are managed conservatively&#46; Despite optimization of pharmacological treatment&#44; many patients continue to be symptomatic&#44; thus leading to interest in percutaneous interventional techniques&#46; The Mitralign system has recently been used for the treatment of functional tricuspid regurgitation&#44; with favorable clinical and imaging results&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case in Portugal to our knowledge of percutaneous tricuspid regurgitation treatment with the Mitralign system&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide funcional &#233; uma patologia prevalente&#44; especialmente em doentes com outras valvulopatias&#44; podendo estar associada a importante morbilidade e mortalidade&#46; A sua abordagem &#233; desafiante&#44; sendo que diversos doentes considerados de alto risco cir&#250;rgico s&#227;o abordados conservadoramente&#46; Apesar do aprimoramento farmacol&#243;gico&#44; muitos mant&#234;m sintomas&#44; o que leva ao interesse em formas de tratamento percut&#226;neo&#46; O sistema Mitralign foi recentemente usado nesse contexto&#44; com resultados cl&#237;nicos e imagiol&#243;gicos favor&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reportamos aquele que &#233;&#44; no nosso conhecimento&#44; o primeiro caso de tratamento percut&#226;neo de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide com o sistema Mitralign&#44; em Portugal&#46;</p></span>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation&#58; a forgotten entity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Tornos Mas"
                            1 => "J&#46;F&#46; Rodr&#237;guez-Palomares"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Antunes"
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                      "doi" => "10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307252"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Heart"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "101"
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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