Editorial comment
Therapeutic adherence: The elephant in the room
Adesão terapêutica – o elefante na sala
António Miguel Ferreira
Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLC, Carnaxide, Portugal
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"apellidos" => "Figueiredo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S087025511630395X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.09.017" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S087025511630395X?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204918301260?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003700000004/v2_201805290419/S2174204918301260/v2_201805290419/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Therapeutic adherence: The elephant in the room" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "305" "paginaFinal" => "306" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "António Miguel Ferreira" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "António Miguel" "apellidos" => "Ferreira" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "miguelferreira.md@sapo.pt" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLC, Carnaxide, Portugal" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Adesão terapêutica – o elefante na sala" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension is recognized as one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and its complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Despite the use of increasingly effective antihypertensive drugs and growing societal awareness of its consequences, a significant proportion of the population still have uncontrolled hypertension. Among the various reasons for this, nonadherence to drug therapy is a major issue. This problem usually receives little attention in medical publications and meetings, but must be addressed if we wish to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in society. The evidence is clear and warrants attention: around half of patients stop taking long-term cardiovascular medication within a year of being prescribed, and those who do not follow their treatment regimen have worse quality of life, more hospitalizations, and more cardiovascular events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Those who think that poor therapeutic adherence has a positive side, such as money saved on medications, are mistaken: this potential saving is largely offset by substantial increases in direct and indirect costs, including for hospitalizations and procedures, with the result that in some countries poor therapeutic adherence is estimated to account for 3-10% of total healthcare costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the importance of this factor in combating cardiovascular disease, it is astonishing how little research has been carried out on the subject.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Improving therapeutic nonadherence requires understanding of the extent, causes, and mechanisms of this complex phenomenon. In this task, challenges arise immediately in the way that the scale of the problem is assessed. Unfortunately, clinicians’ knowledge of whether a given patient is taking the prescribed medication appears to amount to little more than a coin toss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> The ability to measure therapeutic adherence objectively is therefore a prerequisite for assessing the impact of any intervention. There are various direct and indirect ways to assess therapeutic adherence. Direct methods include observation of the patient taking the drug, measuring blood levels of the drug or its metabolites, and measurement of biomarkers. However, such direct methods are clearly impractical for routine clinical use. Indirect methods include questionnaires, self-reporting, pill counts, rates of prescription refills and electronic medication monitors, among others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Their ease of use, speed and low cost make questionnaires some of the most commonly used tools for studying adherence to therapy, although they may be biased by patients’ tendency to overstate their own compliance.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is against this background that an article by Cabral et al. on this question is published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The authors have translated the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale into European Portuguese and validated it in a population of 472 medicated hypertensive patients who were surveyed at nine community pharmacies and one public hospital. The European Portuguese version of this scale has a similar structure to the original scale and has good psychometric properties, and is thus validated for clinical and research use in this country. The authors are to be commended for providing Portuguese clinicians and researchers with a helpful tool to measure therapeutic adherence.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidentally, they also give us an idea of the scale of the challenge that we are facing: 28% of patients revealed low adherence, 38% moderate adherence, and only 34% reported high adherence to antihypertensive treatment. If these numbers are truly representative of the situation in Portugal, it may well be said that we are facing an elephant in the room: an obvious problem that no-one is mentioning. Let the article by Cabral et al. serve as a stimulus, since this subject deserves greater attention from us all.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ferreira AM. Adesão terapêutica – o elefante na sala. Rev Port Cardiol. 2018;37:297–303.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case–control study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Yusuf" 1 => "S. Hawken" 2 => "S. 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| 2019 September | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2019 August | 26 | 7 | 33 |
| 2019 July | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2019 June | 38 | 11 | 49 |
| 2019 May | 28 | 6 | 34 |
| 2019 April | 23 | 17 | 40 |
| 2019 March | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2019 February | 61 | 12 | 73 |
| 2019 January | 62 | 7 | 69 |
| 2018 December | 58 | 11 | 69 |
| 2018 November | 58 | 5 | 63 |
| 2018 October | 61 | 21 | 82 |
| 2018 September | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2018 August | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2018 July | 43 | 10 | 53 |
| 2018 June | 44 | 10 | 54 |
| 2018 May | 69 | 23 | 92 |
| 2018 April | 1 | 5 | 6 |
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