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An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with generalized ST-segment elevation and indication of PR depression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; The laboratory work-up showed leukocytosis &#40;16&#46;20&#215;10E9&#47;l&#41; with neutrophilia &#40;90&#37;&#41;&#44; elevated C-reactive protein at 20&#46;96 mg&#47;dl &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;5 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; elevated procalcitonin at 12&#46;3 ng&#47;ml &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;1 ng&#47;ml&#41; and peak troponin I at 0&#46;05 ng&#47;ml &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;04 ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Chest X-ray did not show any significant abnormalities&#46; Baseline echocardiography showed good biventricular systolic function with no segmental contractility abnormalities and mild pericardial effusion with no hemodynamic compromise&#46; There were no significant valve abnormalities and no findings suggestive of acute aortic syndrome&#46; The patient was admitted to the Cardiology Department due to suspected acute pericarditis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the hospital stay&#44; she continued to have fever spikes despite empiric treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine&#46; Septic work-up was thus ordered and empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated&#46; The echocardiography was repeated and showed increased pericardial effusion &#40;severe&#41; with no imminent signs of cardiac tamponade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figures 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; Due to the clinical suspicion of purulent pericarditis&#44; she underwent pericardiocentesis with drainage of 400 ml of seropurulent fluid&#46; The biochemical analysis of the fluid revealed an exudate &#40;pH 6&#46;68&#59; glucose 18 mg&#47;dl&#59; pericardial-fluid&#58;serum glucose ratio 0&#46;1&#59; lactate dehydrogenase 9600 and presence of &#62;1000&#47;&#956;l neutrophils with predominantly polymorphonuclear cells&#8212;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Blood cultures revealed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#46; After the case was discussed with the Infectious Diseases Department&#44; the antibiotic therapy was changed to ceftriaxone&#46; The patient was sent to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department for subxiphoid pericardiotomy and suitable pericardial drainage&#46; Microscopic examination revealed pericardium with fibroblastic proliferation and neutrophilic infiltrate in adherent masses of fibrin&#46; The histological diagnosis was acute pericarditis&#46; The patient was asymptomatic when discharged to outpatient care and was referred to the outpatient office&#46; There is no record of new hospital stays to date&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Theoretical review</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Purulent pericarditis &#40;PP&#41; is a rare condition &#40;&#60;1&#37; of cases of pericarditis&#41; and is defined as neutrophilic pericardial effusion infected by a bacterial&#44; fungal or parasitic agent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common culprits are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">staphylococci</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">streptococci</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pneumococci</span>&#44; and the main associated lesions are empyema &#40;50&#37;&#41; and pneumonia &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and fungi are the most common culprits in immunosuppressed individuals or following thoracic surgery&#46; Contamination can occur through hematogenous dissemination or direct contamination from the retropharyngeal space&#44; valves or subphrenic space&#46; Diagnosis can be challenging&#44; especially if patients have previously received antibiotic therapy prior to the collection of cultures&#46; Moreover&#44; diagnosis is delayed until severe symptoms or signs of cardiac tamponade arise&#44; or is often made at autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute cardiovascular decompensation &#40;dyspnea&#44; tachycardia and hypotension&#41; or septic symptoms are the most common forms of presentation&#46; Interestingly enough&#44; it can also be insidious&#44; with no signs of pericardial involvement until cardiac tamponade arises&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical suspicion of PP is an indication for urgent pericardiocentesis&#46; Diagnosis is made by direct microscopic examination and by collecting pericardial fluid for biochemical&#44; cytological and microbiological testing&#46; A low pericardial-fluid&#58;serum glucose ratio &#40;mean 0&#46;3&#41; and an elevated concentration of white blood cells&#44; with predominance of neutrophils&#44; differentiates PP from tuberculous pericarditis &#40;glucose ratio 0&#46;7&#41; and neoplastic pericarditis &#40;ratio 0&#46;8&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravenous antibiotic therapy should be initiated empirically until microbiological results are received&#46; Purulent effusions are very often loculated and have a tendency to rapidly accumulate&#46; Draining pericardial fluid is therefore crucial&#46; According to the European Society of Cardiology&#44; subxiphoid pericardiotomy &#40;IIB&#41; and intrapericardial thrombolysis &#40;IIa&#41; should be considered for loculated effusions in order to provide suitable drainage&#46; Pericardiectomy should be considered for dense adhesions&#44; purulent loculated effusions&#44; recurrence of tamponade and progression to constriction &#40;IIa&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PP should be treated aggressively&#46; If left untreated&#44; it leads to death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Despite aggressive medical treatment&#44; mortality remains high &#40;20&#8211;30&#37;&#41;&#46; It may progress to cardiac tamponade and septic shock&#46; Moreover&#44; it may progress to constrictive pericarditis and persistent PP&#46; Constrictive pericarditis is characterized by a thickened&#44; adherent pericardium&#44; which leads to decreased pericardial compliance and ensuing hemodynamic compromise&#46; Pericardial fibrosis is caused by subacute&#47;chronic inflammation&#44; which leads to proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen&#46; Persistent PP is defined as chronic or recurrent pericardial effusion despite drainage of the fluid and appropriate antibiotic therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> is a Gram-negative bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx of many animals&#46; Approximately 50&#37; to 90&#37; of domestic dogs and cats carry <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species in their saliva and nasal secretions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of the literature from the last 30 years revealed that over the years there have been 20 to 30 deaths per year worldwide due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection&#46; However&#44; this rate seems to be increasing&#44; and in almost all cases death seems to be associated with a complication of infections acquired through animal exposure&#46; Among the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> is the most common&#44; especially in cases that involve severe septic symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Common symptoms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infections resulting from animal bite in humans include edema&#44; cellulitis or purulent drainage from the skin lacerations&#46; Leukocytosis and neutrophilia are very common&#44; and inflammatory symptoms may quickly progress to fulminant septic symptoms or other severe complications&#44; such as osteomyelitis&#44; endocarditis and meningitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic treatment generally consists of the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid&#59; doxycycline and metronidazole for patients allergic to penicillin&#59; clindamycin and a fluoroquinolone&#59; or ceftriaxone alone&#46; The relatively low incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection&#44; despite the high prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species in domestic animals&#44; supports the idea that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> is an opportunistic pathogen for humans&#46; Given the low incidence of human infection &#40;as mentioned above&#41;&#44; immunization or vaccination against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection is done through animal disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interaction between humans and domestic animals is unlikely to decrease in the future&#44; and evidence suggests that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> infection can progress to severe septic cases that involve the heart&#46; The authors stress the importance of promptly diagnosing the complications of this infection&#46; This is particularly true for purulent pericarditis&#44; which if left untreated leads to death&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Purulent pericarditis is a rare entity&#44; defined as the presence of neutrophilic pericardial effusion which is infected by a bacterial&#44; fungus or parasite agent&#46; The diagnosis can be challenging&#44; especially if patients have taken previous antibiotic therapy&#59; on the other hand the recognition of this pathology is often made late&#44; with the onset of severe symptoms or signs of cardiac tamponade or even only at the autopsy&#46; The authors describe the case of a 82-year-old woman with history of extensive laceration of the right lower limb from a dog bite in July 2016&#44; admitted to the Cardiology Department one month later for Acute Pericarditis&#46; During hospitalization she maintained recurrent fever peaks despite the treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine&#46; She collected blood cultures and repeated echocardiogram showed increased pericardial effusion with no signs of hemodynamic compromise&#46; Blood cultures revealed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#46; Due to clinical suspicion of purulent pericarditis&#44; pericardiocentesis was performed with drainage of liquid compatible with exudate and the patient was presented to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department for pericardiotomy and adequate drainage of the liquid&#46; Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of Acute Pericarditis&#46; It should be noted that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> is a very frequent agent &#40;50-90&#37;&#41; in the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx of many domestic animals&#44; namely dogs&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The authors emphasize the need to aggressively treat this pathology&#44; since untreated death is inevitable&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pericardite purulenta &#233; uma entidade rara&#44; definida como a presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico neutrof&#237;lico infetado por um agente bacteriano&#44; fungo ou parasita&#46; O diagn&#243;stico pode ser desafiante&#44; especialmente se os doentes fizeram antibioterapia previamente&#59; por outro lado&#44; o reconhecimento dessa patologia &#233; feito&#44; muitas vezes&#44; tardiamente&#44; quando do aparecimento de sintomas graves ou sinais de tamponamento ou mesmo apenas na aut&#243;psia&#46; Os autores descrevem o caso de uma mulher&#44; 82 anos&#44; com antecedentes de lacera&#231;&#227;o extensa do membro inferior direito por mordedura de c&#227;o em julho de 2016&#44; internada no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia um m&#234;s depois por suspeita de pericardite aguda&#46; Durante o internamento manteve picos febris recorrentes apesar da terap&#234;utica com anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides e colchicina&#46; Colheu rastreio s&#233;tico e repetiu ecocardiograma&#44; que revelou aumento do derrame peric&#225;rdico&#44; sem sinais de compromisso hemodin&#226;mico&#44; e as hemoculturas revelaram a presen&#231;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida&#46;</span> Por suspeita cl&#237;nica de pericardite purulenta fez pericardiocentese com drenagem de l&#237;quido compat&#237;vel com exsudado e foi apresentada ao Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica para pericardiotomia e drenagem adequada do l&#237;quido purulento&#46; O exame histol&#243;gico confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de pericardite aguda&#46; De salientar que a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> &#233; um agente muito frequente &#40;50-90&#37;&#41; no trato gastrointestinal e nasofaringe de muitos animais dom&#233;sticos&#44; nomeadamente c&#227;es&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores real&#231;am a necessidade de tratar agressivamente essa patologia&#44; uma vez que se n&#227;o tratada a morte &#233; inevit&#225;vel&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ferreira R&#44; Martins J&#44; Adrega T&#44; Pinto S&#44; Nunes S&#44; Pancas R&#44; et al&#46; Pericardite purulenta e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#58; uma associa&#231;&#227;o rar&#237;ssima&#46; Rev Port Cardiol&#46; 2018&#59;37&#58;353&#46;e1&#8211;353&#46;e4&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;0 mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;7 mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9600 U&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Adenosine deaminase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2853&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cell count&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;1000&#46;0&#47;&#956;l &#40;polymorphonuclear&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of pericardial fluid&#46;</p>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnostic value of the biochemical tests in patients with purulent pericarditis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Ekim"
                            1 => "H&#46; Ekim"
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                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pak J Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "845"
                        "paginaFinal" => "849"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097529"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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Case report
Purulent pericarditis and Pasteurella multocida: An extremely rare combination
Pericardite purulenta e Pasteurella multocida: uma associação raríssima
Raquel Ferreiraa,
Corresponding author
ana_rakel_ferreira@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, José Martinsa,b,c,d, Tiago Adregaa, Sara Pintob, Sofia Nunesc, Rita Pancasd, Anabela Gonzagaa, José Santosa
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
b Serviço de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
c Serviço de Infeciologia, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
d Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, Hospitais Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Case report</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors describe the case of an 82-year-old woman with history of essential hypertension&#44; implant of a dual-chamber pacemaker&#44; hypothyroidism&#44; spondylodiscitis from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span> in July 2015 and extensive laceration of the right leg resulting from a dog bite&#44; for which she received empiric antibiotic therapy with flucloxacillin in July 2016&#46; She was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital in August 2016 due to pleuritic chest pain and fever developing over the previous 24-48 hours&#46; Physical examination revealed pericardial friction rub on heart auscultation&#44; herpetic lesion in the posterior thoracic region and fever &#40;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with generalized ST-segment elevation and indication of PR depression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; The laboratory work-up showed leukocytosis &#40;16&#46;20&#215;10E9&#47;l&#41; with neutrophilia &#40;90&#37;&#41;&#44; elevated C-reactive protein at 20&#46;96 mg&#47;dl &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;5 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; elevated procalcitonin at 12&#46;3 ng&#47;ml &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;1 ng&#47;ml&#41; and peak troponin I at 0&#46;05 ng&#47;ml &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;04 ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Chest X-ray did not show any significant abnormalities&#46; Baseline echocardiography showed good biventricular systolic function with no segmental contractility abnormalities and mild pericardial effusion with no hemodynamic compromise&#46; There were no significant valve abnormalities and no findings suggestive of acute aortic syndrome&#46; The patient was admitted to the Cardiology Department due to suspected acute pericarditis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the hospital stay&#44; she continued to have fever spikes despite empiric treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine&#46; Septic work-up was thus ordered and empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated&#46; The echocardiography was repeated and showed increased pericardial effusion &#40;severe&#41; with no imminent signs of cardiac tamponade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figures 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; Due to the clinical suspicion of purulent pericarditis&#44; she underwent pericardiocentesis with drainage of 400 ml of seropurulent fluid&#46; The biochemical analysis of the fluid revealed an exudate &#40;pH 6&#46;68&#59; glucose 18 mg&#47;dl&#59; pericardial-fluid&#58;serum glucose ratio 0&#46;1&#59; lactate dehydrogenase 9600 and presence of &#62;1000&#47;&#956;l neutrophils with predominantly polymorphonuclear cells&#8212;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Blood cultures revealed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#46; After the case was discussed with the Infectious Diseases Department&#44; the antibiotic therapy was changed to ceftriaxone&#46; The patient was sent to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department for subxiphoid pericardiotomy and suitable pericardial drainage&#46; Microscopic examination revealed pericardium with fibroblastic proliferation and neutrophilic infiltrate in adherent masses of fibrin&#46; The histological diagnosis was acute pericarditis&#46; The patient was asymptomatic when discharged to outpatient care and was referred to the outpatient office&#46; There is no record of new hospital stays to date&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Theoretical review</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Purulent pericarditis &#40;PP&#41; is a rare condition &#40;&#60;1&#37; of cases of pericarditis&#41; and is defined as neutrophilic pericardial effusion infected by a bacterial&#44; fungal or parasitic agent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common culprits are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">staphylococci</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">streptococci</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pneumococci</span>&#44; and the main associated lesions are empyema &#40;50&#37;&#41; and pneumonia &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and fungi are the most common culprits in immunosuppressed individuals or following thoracic surgery&#46; Contamination can occur through hematogenous dissemination or direct contamination from the retropharyngeal space&#44; valves or subphrenic space&#46; Diagnosis can be challenging&#44; especially if patients have previously received antibiotic therapy prior to the collection of cultures&#46; Moreover&#44; diagnosis is delayed until severe symptoms or signs of cardiac tamponade arise&#44; or is often made at autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute cardiovascular decompensation &#40;dyspnea&#44; tachycardia and hypotension&#41; or septic symptoms are the most common forms of presentation&#46; Interestingly enough&#44; it can also be insidious&#44; with no signs of pericardial involvement until cardiac tamponade arises&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical suspicion of PP is an indication for urgent pericardiocentesis&#46; Diagnosis is made by direct microscopic examination and by collecting pericardial fluid for biochemical&#44; cytological and microbiological testing&#46; A low pericardial-fluid&#58;serum glucose ratio &#40;mean 0&#46;3&#41; and an elevated concentration of white blood cells&#44; with predominance of neutrophils&#44; differentiates PP from tuberculous pericarditis &#40;glucose ratio 0&#46;7&#41; and neoplastic pericarditis &#40;ratio 0&#46;8&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravenous antibiotic therapy should be initiated empirically until microbiological results are received&#46; Purulent effusions are very often loculated and have a tendency to rapidly accumulate&#46; Draining pericardial fluid is therefore crucial&#46; According to the European Society of Cardiology&#44; subxiphoid pericardiotomy &#40;IIB&#41; and intrapericardial thrombolysis &#40;IIa&#41; should be considered for loculated effusions in order to provide suitable drainage&#46; Pericardiectomy should be considered for dense adhesions&#44; purulent loculated effusions&#44; recurrence of tamponade and progression to constriction &#40;IIa&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PP should be treated aggressively&#46; If left untreated&#44; it leads to death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Despite aggressive medical treatment&#44; mortality remains high &#40;20&#8211;30&#37;&#41;&#46; It may progress to cardiac tamponade and septic shock&#46; Moreover&#44; it may progress to constrictive pericarditis and persistent PP&#46; Constrictive pericarditis is characterized by a thickened&#44; adherent pericardium&#44; which leads to decreased pericardial compliance and ensuing hemodynamic compromise&#46; Pericardial fibrosis is caused by subacute&#47;chronic inflammation&#44; which leads to proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen&#46; Persistent PP is defined as chronic or recurrent pericardial effusion despite drainage of the fluid and appropriate antibiotic therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> is a Gram-negative bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx of many animals&#46; Approximately 50&#37; to 90&#37; of domestic dogs and cats carry <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species in their saliva and nasal secretions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of the literature from the last 30 years revealed that over the years there have been 20 to 30 deaths per year worldwide due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection&#46; However&#44; this rate seems to be increasing&#44; and in almost all cases death seems to be associated with a complication of infections acquired through animal exposure&#46; Among the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> is the most common&#44; especially in cases that involve severe septic symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Common symptoms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infections resulting from animal bite in humans include edema&#44; cellulitis or purulent drainage from the skin lacerations&#46; Leukocytosis and neutrophilia are very common&#44; and inflammatory symptoms may quickly progress to fulminant septic symptoms or other severe complications&#44; such as osteomyelitis&#44; endocarditis and meningitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic treatment generally consists of the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid&#59; doxycycline and metronidazole for patients allergic to penicillin&#59; clindamycin and a fluoroquinolone&#59; or ceftriaxone alone&#46; The relatively low incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection&#44; despite the high prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> species in domestic animals&#44; supports the idea that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> is an opportunistic pathogen for humans&#46; Given the low incidence of human infection &#40;as mentioned above&#41;&#44; immunization or vaccination against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> infection is done through animal disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interaction between humans and domestic animals is unlikely to decrease in the future&#44; and evidence suggests that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span> infection can progress to severe septic cases that involve the heart&#46; The authors stress the importance of promptly diagnosing the complications of this infection&#46; This is particularly true for purulent pericarditis&#44; which if left untreated leads to death&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Purulent pericarditis is a rare entity&#44; defined as the presence of neutrophilic pericardial effusion which is infected by a bacterial&#44; fungus or parasite agent&#46; The diagnosis can be challenging&#44; especially if patients have taken previous antibiotic therapy&#59; on the other hand the recognition of this pathology is often made late&#44; with the onset of severe symptoms or signs of cardiac tamponade or even only at the autopsy&#46; The authors describe the case of a 82-year-old woman with history of extensive laceration of the right lower limb from a dog bite in July 2016&#44; admitted to the Cardiology Department one month later for Acute Pericarditis&#46; During hospitalization she maintained recurrent fever peaks despite the treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine&#46; She collected blood cultures and repeated echocardiogram showed increased pericardial effusion with no signs of hemodynamic compromise&#46; Blood cultures revealed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#46; Due to clinical suspicion of purulent pericarditis&#44; pericardiocentesis was performed with drainage of liquid compatible with exudate and the patient was presented to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department for pericardiotomy and adequate drainage of the liquid&#46; Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of Acute Pericarditis&#46; It should be noted that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> is a very frequent agent &#40;50-90&#37;&#41; in the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx of many domestic animals&#44; namely dogs&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The authors emphasize the need to aggressively treat this pathology&#44; since untreated death is inevitable&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pericardite purulenta &#233; uma entidade rara&#44; definida como a presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico neutrof&#237;lico infetado por um agente bacteriano&#44; fungo ou parasita&#46; O diagn&#243;stico pode ser desafiante&#44; especialmente se os doentes fizeram antibioterapia previamente&#59; por outro lado&#44; o reconhecimento dessa patologia &#233; feito&#44; muitas vezes&#44; tardiamente&#44; quando do aparecimento de sintomas graves ou sinais de tamponamento ou mesmo apenas na aut&#243;psia&#46; Os autores descrevem o caso de uma mulher&#44; 82 anos&#44; com antecedentes de lacera&#231;&#227;o extensa do membro inferior direito por mordedura de c&#227;o em julho de 2016&#44; internada no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia um m&#234;s depois por suspeita de pericardite aguda&#46; Durante o internamento manteve picos febris recorrentes apesar da terap&#234;utica com anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides e colchicina&#46; Colheu rastreio s&#233;tico e repetiu ecocardiograma&#44; que revelou aumento do derrame peric&#225;rdico&#44; sem sinais de compromisso hemodin&#226;mico&#44; e as hemoculturas revelaram a presen&#231;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida&#46;</span> Por suspeita cl&#237;nica de pericardite purulenta fez pericardiocentese com drenagem de l&#237;quido compat&#237;vel com exsudado e foi apresentada ao Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica para pericardiotomia e drenagem adequada do l&#237;quido purulento&#46; O exame histol&#243;gico confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de pericardite aguda&#46; De salientar que a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella</span> &#233; um agente muito frequente &#40;50-90&#37;&#41; no trato gastrointestinal e nasofaringe de muitos animais dom&#233;sticos&#44; nomeadamente c&#227;es&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores real&#231;am a necessidade de tratar agressivamente essa patologia&#44; uma vez que se n&#227;o tratada a morte &#233; inevit&#225;vel&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ferreira R&#44; Martins J&#44; Adrega T&#44; Pinto S&#44; Nunes S&#44; Pancas R&#44; et al&#46; Pericardite purulenta e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pasteurella multocida</span>&#58; uma associa&#231;&#227;o rar&#237;ssima&#46; Rev Port Cardiol&#46; 2018&#59;37&#58;353&#46;e1&#8211;353&#46;e4&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total proteins&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Adenosine deaminase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2853&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;1000&#46;0&#47;&#956;l &#40;polymorphonuclear&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 21742049
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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