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Assessment of left atrial function by three-dimensional speckle-tracking in cardiomyopathies: A step forward?
Avaliação da função auricular esquerda por speckle-tracking 3D nas miocardiopatias: um passo em frente?
José Ribeiro
Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Serviço de Cardiologia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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=> "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Evaluation of QT dispersion and T-peak to T-end interval in patients with early-stage sarcoidosis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "919" "paginaFinal" => "924" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Avaliação da dispersão QT e do intervalo pico-fim da onda T em doentes com sarcoidose na fase inicial" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Hacı Ahmet Kasapkara, Ayşegül Şentürk, Emine Bilen, Hüseyin Ayhan, Bilge Duran Karaduman, Zeynep Şeyma Turinay, Murat Can Güney, Tahir Durmaz, Telat Keleş, Engin Bozkurt" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hacı Ahmet" "apellidos" => "Kasapkara" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ayşegül" "apellidos" => "Şentürk" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emine" "apellidos" => "Bilen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hüseyin" "apellidos" => "Ayhan" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bilge Duran" "apellidos" => "Karaduman" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zeynep Şeyma" "apellidos" => "Turinay" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Murat Can" "apellidos" => "Güney" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tahir" "apellidos" => "Durmaz" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Telat" "apellidos" => "Keleş" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Engin" "apellidos" => "Bozkurt" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917303823?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000012/v1_201712220644/S2174204917303823/v1_201712220644/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2174204917303811" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.06.011" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-12-01" "aid" => "1116" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:905-13" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1770 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 158 "HTML" => 1338 "PDF" => 274 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Left atrial dysfunction in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – A comparative three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis from the MAGYAR-Path Study" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "905" "paginaFinal" => "913" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Disfunção da aurícula esquerda na amiloidose cardíaca de cadeias leves e na miocardiopatia hipertrófica – Uma análise comparativa por ecocardiograma tridimensional com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">speckle tracking</span> do estudo MAGYAR-Path" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3141 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 551677 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apical 4-chamber (A) and 2-chamber views (B), and different parasternal short-axis views at basal (C3), mid (C5) and superior (C7) left atrial regions, extracted from the three-dimensional volume. A three-dimensional wireframe reconstruction of the left atrium based on three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis together with volumetric data and segmental (circumferential) time-strain curves are also presented. White, dashed and yellow arrows represent segmental (systolic) peak strain, (late-diastolic) strain at atrial contraction and global time-volume curve, respectively. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Dóra Földeák, Árpád Kormányos, Péter Domsik, Anita Kalapos, Györgyike Á. Piros, Nóra Ambrus, Zénó Ajtay, Róbert Sepp, Zita Borbényi, Tamás Forster, Attila Nemes" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dóra" "apellidos" => "Földeák" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Árpád" "apellidos" => "Kormányos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Péter" "apellidos" => "Domsik" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anita" "apellidos" => "Kalapos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Györgyike Á." "apellidos" => "Piros" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nóra" "apellidos" => "Ambrus" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zénó" "apellidos" => "Ajtay" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Róbert" "apellidos" => "Sepp" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zita" "apellidos" => "Borbényi" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tamás" "apellidos" => "Forster" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Attila" "apellidos" => "Nemes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917303811?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000012/v1_201712220644/S2174204917303811/v1_201712220644/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Assessment of left atrial function by three-dimensional speckle-tracking in cardiomyopathies: A step forward?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "915" "paginaFinal" => "917" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "José Ribeiro" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cardiogaia@gmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Serviço de Cardiologia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Avaliação da função auricular esquerda por speckle-tracking 3D nas miocardiopatias: um passo em frente?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main role of the left atrium (LA) is to modulate left ventricular filling through its three phasic functions: reservoir, passive conduit, and active contraction. Assessment of left atrial strain is feasible and can be used to categorize diastolic dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Structural and functional analysis of the LA can reveal a wide range of pathophysiological alterations occurring in response to specific stresses. In particular, the LA is exposed directly to the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle (LV) when the mitral valve opens, which, due to its thin walls, tends to reduce its elasticity, eventually resulting in dilatation as the pressure increases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Left atrial dimensions and function have been analyzed in the context of various cardiovascular disease and have been shown to be strong prognostic markers in different clinical conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> A review article by Vieira et al. highlighted the clinical importance of studying the LA using two-dimensional strain analysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A large number of studies have been published demonstrating the feasibility and reproducibility of speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) for the assessment of myocardial strain, and this is now a major focus of research in echocardiography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However, the resulting indices of atrial function depend on hemodynamic conditions and are based on geometric assumptions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography allied with STE is a novel technique that has proved useful for assessing the volumes and functional properties of all the cardiac chambers. It enables characterization of the different phases of left atrial function without being based on geometric assumptions and is therefore more precise<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and reproducible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Studies have shown that in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy left atrial strain is reduced compared to healthy controls and to patients with hypertrophy secondary to hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have, however, been few studies using 3D-STE, particularly in patients with amyloidosis. Cardiac amyloidosis results from the deposition of amyloid in the heart. The most common form of presentation in western countries is restrictive cardiomyopathy, which mimics hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in around 5% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12–14</span></a> The echocardiogram usually shows concentric thickening of the LV, often associated with right ventricular thickening, and the ventricular wall may appear more echogenic due to amyloid deposition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The most common clinical manifestations are heart failure and arrhythmias. It is important to consider cardiac amyloidosis as part of a systemic disease rather than as an isolated condition. Cardiac involvement in amyloidosis was seen until recently as a rare manifestation, often only diagnosed at autopsy, and considered untreatable when diagnosed during life. However, the last decade has seen significant advances in both diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis, along with the recognition that it is more prevalent than previously thought.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Recent progress in advanced imaging techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance and echocardiography has enabled significant advances in the ability to diagnose the disease.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is widespread recognition of the importance of early diagnosis in cardiac AL amyloidosis, since if untreated, median survival after the onset of heart failure is only six months,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> but modern treatments can lead to prolonged remission and extend survival by many years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The article by Nemes et al. published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> compares echocardiographic signs of left atrial dysfunction in three groups (16 patients with AL cardiac amyloidosis, 20 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 16 healthy controls) in the context of the MAGYAR-Path Study. The article highlights the advantages of 3D-STE in the assessment of LA function, as demonstrated in previous studies; what is new is the comparison of patients with AL cardiac amyloidosis and with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The results show different patterns of atrial dysfunction, with impairment of the reservoir phase in both diseases but significant impairment of the contractile phase only in cardiac amyloidosis, with reduced active atrial emptying fraction and contraction. The study's discussion points out the limitations of the technique, including its relatively low temporal and spatial resolution, the effects of age on left atrial functional parameters, and the potential influence of coexisting mitral valve regurgitation.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are, moreover, considerable challenges in the use of 3D-STE, including the anatomical complexity of the LA, with its thin and non-uniform walls, which reduces the quantity of speckles, and its close relationship with other structures such as the pulmonary veins and atrial appendage, which tends to produce artifacts. This makes it difficult to divide the LA into 16 segments, the usual model for the LV. While 3D-STE is able to assess the entire LA in a single cardiac cycle, its anatomical heterogeneity can affect regional strain analysis.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3D-STE is already more than just a research method or a promising tool for left ventricular assessment. Progressive improvements in image quality, and particularly in algorithms for automated interpretation and analysis of information specially designed for atrial assessment, represent important advances and in the future should lead to inclusion of the technique in clinical practice for studying left atrial function.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further 3D-STE studies of atrial function, including larger patient populations with different age-groups and involving other conditions, including cardiotoxicity, may add important information to what is known of the technique's considerable diagnostic value. Possible links between the different atrial strain parameters obtained by 3D-STE and arrhythmic risk in patients with cardiomyopathy may also be the subject of future research. Comparison of assessment of left atrial function by 3D-STE with other imaging modalities, particularly cardiac magnetic resonance, and their correlation with biomarkers, could provide important evidence in support of its clinical value.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, the LA plays an important part in the clinical expression and prognosis of cardiac disease, particularly the cardiomyopathies. Echocardiography, as a non-invasive method, has made increasingly important contributions to the quantitative analysis of left atrial function. 3D-STE brings together the advantages of angle-independent assessment of myocardial strain and the superior geometrical representation of 3D imaging. Although it has some limitations, it provides information that enables detection of patterns of functional remodeling in early stages of the disease, before anatomical alterations, which is of clinical value. The study by Nemes et al. shows that application of 3D-STE to left atrial assessment is a step forward, since it provides useful information with potential clinical importance, particularly in a disease in which it has high prognostic impact.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ribeiro J. Avaliação da função auricular esquerda por speckle-tracking 3D nas miocardiopatias: um passo em frente? Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:915–917.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "LA strain categorization of LV diastolic dysfunction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Singh" 1 => "K. Addetia" 2 => "F. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2024 October | 30 | 32 | 62 |
| 2024 September | 42 | 23 | 65 |
| 2024 August | 39 | 25 | 64 |
| 2024 July | 30 | 28 | 58 |
| 2024 June | 34 | 27 | 61 |
| 2024 May | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2024 April | 31 | 22 | 53 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 18 | 43 |
| 2024 February | 27 | 22 | 49 |
| 2024 January | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2023 December | 18 | 23 | 41 |
| 2023 November | 18 | 28 | 46 |
| 2023 October | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2023 September | 16 | 17 | 33 |
| 2023 August | 19 | 30 | 49 |
| 2023 July | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2023 June | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2023 May | 45 | 23 | 68 |
| 2023 April | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2023 March | 42 | 22 | 64 |
| 2023 February | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2023 January | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2022 December | 54 | 22 | 76 |
| 2022 November | 59 | 36 | 95 |
| 2022 October | 46 | 26 | 72 |
| 2022 September | 28 | 43 | 71 |
| 2022 August | 36 | 28 | 64 |
| 2022 July | 30 | 36 | 66 |
| 2022 June | 35 | 34 | 69 |
| 2022 May | 18 | 22 | 40 |
| 2022 April | 39 | 41 | 80 |
| 2022 March | 38 | 36 | 74 |
| 2022 February | 25 | 29 | 54 |
| 2022 January | 23 | 25 | 48 |
| 2021 December | 31 | 39 | 70 |
| 2021 November | 29 | 38 | 67 |
| 2021 October | 37 | 47 | 84 |
| 2021 September | 37 | 38 | 75 |
| 2021 August | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2021 July | 46 | 24 | 70 |
| 2021 June | 23 | 27 | 50 |
| 2021 May | 32 | 38 | 70 |
| 2021 April | 59 | 49 | 108 |
| 2021 March | 49 | 14 | 63 |
| 2021 February | 61 | 19 | 80 |
| 2021 January | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2020 December | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2020 November | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2020 October | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2020 September | 52 | 9 | 61 |
| 2020 August | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2020 July | 46 | 11 | 57 |
| 2020 June | 33 | 12 | 45 |
| 2020 May | 52 | 10 | 62 |
| 2020 April | 44 | 10 | 54 |
| 2020 March | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2020 February | 59 | 17 | 76 |
| 2020 January | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2019 December | 52 | 5 | 57 |
| 2019 November | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2019 October | 35 | 12 | 47 |
| 2019 September | 29 | 13 | 42 |
| 2019 August | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2019 July | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2019 June | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2019 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2019 April | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| 2019 March | 84 | 13 | 97 |
| 2019 February | 107 | 12 | 119 |
| 2019 January | 108 | 9 | 117 |
| 2018 December | 75 | 15 | 90 |
| 2018 November | 52 | 10 | 62 |
| 2018 October | 90 | 16 | 106 |
| 2018 September | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2018 August | 28 | 8 | 36 |
| 2018 July | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2018 June | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2018 May | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2018 April | 31 | 7 | 38 |
| 2018 March | 80 | 22 | 102 |
| 2018 February | 77 | 16 | 93 |
| 2018 January | 90 | 33 | 123 |
| 2017 December | 59 | 39 | 98 |
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