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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Background&#58;</span> Anticoagulation for mechanical heart valves during pregnancy is essential to prevent thromboembolic events&#46; Each regimen has drawbacks with regard to maternal or fetal risk&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Objectives&#58;</span> This meta&#8208;analysis sought to estimate and compare the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves who received different methods of anticoagulation&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Methods&#58;</span> Studies were identified using a Medline search including all publications up to June 5&#44; 2016&#46; Study inclusion required reporting of maternal death&#44; thromboembolism&#44; and valve failure&#44; and&#47;or fetal spontaneous abortion&#44; death&#44; and congenital defects in pregnant women treated with any of the following&#58; 1&#41; a vitamin K antagonist &#40;VKA&#41; throughout pregnancy&#59; 2&#41; low&#8208;molecular&#8208;weight heparin &#40;LMWH&#41; throughout pregnancy&#59; 3&#41; LMWH for the first trimester&#44; followed by a VKA &#40;LMWH and VKA&#41;&#59; or 4&#41; unfractionated heparin for the first trimester&#44; followed by a VKA &#40;UFH and VKA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results&#58;</span> A total of 800 pregnancies from 18 publications were included&#46; Composite maternal risk was lowest with VKA &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#44; compared with LMWH &#40;16&#37;&#59; ratio of averaged risk &#91;RAR&#93;&#58; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#58; 1&#46;5 to 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; LMWH and VKA &#40;16&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;2 to 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; or UFH and VKA &#40;16&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;5 to 7&#46;1&#41;&#46; Composite fetal risk was lowest with LMWH &#40;13&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;1 to 0&#46;8&#41;&#44; compared with VKA &#40;39&#37;&#41;&#44; LMWH and VKA &#40;23&#37;&#41;&#44; or UFH and VKA &#40;34&#37;&#41;&#46; No significant difference in fetal risk was observed between women taking &#8804;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily warfarin and those with an LMWH regimen &#40;RAR&#58; 0&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;3 to 2&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions&#58;</span> VKA treatment was associated with the lowest risk of adverse maternal outcomes&#44; whereas the use of LMWH throughout pregnancy was associated with the lowest risk of adverse fetal outcomes&#46; Fetal risk was similar between women taking &#8804;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg warfarin daily and women treated with LMWH&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao escolher o artigo de Steinberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; publicado no J Am Coll Cardiol&#44; veio&#8208;me &#224; mem&#243;ria a express&#227;o &#171;no fio da navalha&#187;&#44; porque o tema gravidez&#44; terap&#234;utica anticoagulante e pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas continua a ser pol&#233;mico&#44; a acarretar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dif&#237;ceis e de grande risco&#44; qualquer que seja a op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica escolhida&#46; Pessoalmente&#44; como cardiologista&#44; j&#225; vivi esta ang&#250;stia&#44; j&#225; presenciei casos sem complica&#231;&#245;es e casos de insucesso&#59; tanto de perda fetal como casos de trombose de pr&#243;tese&#44; dois deles fatais&#44; e foi nisso que baseei a minha escolha&#46; O tema tem levado a v&#225;rias meta&#8208;an&#225;lises recentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sendo um problema transversal a v&#225;rias especialidades&#44; tamb&#233;m sinto que cada uma delas valoriza mais a sua parte&#58; a cardiologia foca&#8208;se sobretudo no aspeto da funcionalidade da pr&#243;tese e a obstetr&#237;cia&#47;medicina geral e familiar talvez mais a morbilidade&#47;mortalidade fetal&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre este tema n&#227;o existem grandes estudos comparativos&#46; &#201; atrav&#233;s destas meta&#8208;an&#225;lises que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido efetuadas&#44; no entanto&#44; sobre as decis&#245;es mais dif&#237;ceis&#44; como seja a da interrup&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral pelo risco de embriopatia e substitui&#231;&#227;o por heparina de baixo peso molecular &#40;HBPM&#41; ou heparina n&#227;o fracionada &#40;HNF&#41; entre a 6&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> e a 12&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> semanas&#44; as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o classe <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a&#44; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Data of the European Society of Cardiology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease</span> &#40;ROPAC&#41;&#44; a probabilidade de uma gravidez n&#227;o complicada e sucesso fetal foi calculada em apenas 58&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Neste estudo&#44; que incluiu 212 mulheres&#44; a taxa de trombose prot&#233;sica foi de 4&#44;7&#37;&#44; ocorreu em metade dos casos no primeiro trimestre e&#44; nesses casos&#44; esteve sempre associada ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para qualquer tipo de heparina&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Face a estes resultados&#44; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">million&#8208;dollar question</span> &#233;&#58; ser&#225; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> terap&#234;utico entre a 6&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> e a 12&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> semanas com heparina &#40;HBPM ou HNF&#41; seguro e eficaz&#63;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mudan&#231;a para heparina tem sido a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o alternativa aos antagonistas da vitamina K &#40;AVK&#41; para minimizar o risco de embriopatia &#40;situa&#231;&#227;o relativamente rara&#41;&#46; Os AVK s&#227;o teratog&#233;nicos&#44; atravessam a placenta e&#44; por isso&#44; a mudan&#231;a para heparina durante toda a gravidez ou s&#243; no per&#237;odo de maior risco de embriopatia tem sido uma realidade&#46; Atualmente&#44; da revis&#227;o da literatura&#44; o efeito teratog&#233;nico dos AVK parece ser dose&#8208;dependente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; reduzindo&#8208;se a probabilidade para doses<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de varfarina&#47;dia&#46; No entanto&#44; o seu efeito nocivo verifica&#8208;se tamb&#233;m no risco elevado de aborto espont&#226;neo&#44; morte fetal&#44; hemorragia intracraniana fetal&#44; micro&#8208;hemorragia com altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso central&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e rela&#231;&#227;o prov&#225;vel com maior incid&#234;ncia de d&#233;fice cognitivo &#40;QI diminu&#237;do&#41; em idade tardia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No primeiro trimestre da gravidez existe um estado pr&#243;&#8208;tromb&#243;tico associado a aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;&#8208;coagulantes&#44; diminui&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na S&#44; 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e HNF&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina provieram maioritariamente de pa&#237;ses da &#193;sia&#44; &#193;frica e M&#233;dio Oriente&#44; enquanto os estudos que envolviam HBPM eram sobretudo da Europa e da Am&#233;rica do Norte&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O risco m&#233;dio de eventos estimado para a gr&#225;vida &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">outcome</span> composto&#41;&#44; que inclu&#237;a morte&#44; fal&#234;ncia prot&#233;sica e tromboembolismo sist&#233;mico&#44; foi de 5&#37; para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de varfarina&#44; 15&#44;5&#37; para HBPM&#44; 15&#44;9&#37; para esquema de HBPM&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina e de 15&#44;8&#37; para HNF e varfarina&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O risco fetal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">outcome</span> composto&#41; que inclu&#237;a aborto espont&#226;neo&#44; morte fetal e ocorr&#234;ncia de malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#233;nita&#44; 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o procedimento mais seguro para as gr&#225;vidas portadoras de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica&#44; desde que tenham valores de INR adequados&#44; com doses inferiores a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de varfarina&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes resultados est&#227;o em acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ACC&#44; do AHA e da ESC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para as doentes que necessitem de doses maiores&#44; ou que tenham pr&#243;teses mais antigas&#44; mais trombog&#233;nicas&#44; tipo Starr Edwards&#44; as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ESC sugerem a interrup&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral entre a 6<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#46;</span>&#170; e a 12<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#46;</span>&#170; semanas&#44; in&#237;cio de administra&#231;&#227;o de HBPM com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos n&#237;veis do anti&#8208;Xa&#44; e&#44; nos casos mais complicados&#44; o in&#237;cio de HNF de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; com aPTT 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">x</span> o valor recomendado&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De qualquer forma&#44; em qualquer das situa&#231;&#245;es&#44; &#233; sempre necess&#225;rio um bom aconselhamento e apoio &#224; gr&#225;vida com pr&#243;tese valvular mec&#226;nica&#44; explicando todos os riscos poss&#237;veis&#44; a necessidade de maior vigil&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica&#44; mantendo um &#171;alerta&#187; para sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; ensino na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria do INR &#40;se for o caso&#41; e o envolvimento de uma equipa multidisciplinar&#44; atendendo a que s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es de risco maternofetal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O autor declara n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Recommended Article of the Month
Comment on ‘‘Maternal and fetal outcomes of anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves’’
Comentário a «Prognóstico materno e fetal em grávidas anticoaguladas e portadores de próteses valvulares mecânicas»
Ana Galrinho
Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Background&#58;</span> Anticoagulation for mechanical heart valves during pregnancy is essential to prevent thromboembolic events&#46; Each regimen has drawbacks with regard to maternal or fetal risk&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Objectives&#58;</span> This meta&#8208;analysis sought to estimate and compare the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves who received different methods of anticoagulation&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Methods&#58;</span> Studies were identified using a Medline search including all publications up to June 5&#44; 2016&#46; Study inclusion required reporting of maternal death&#44; thromboembolism&#44; and valve failure&#44; and&#47;or fetal spontaneous abortion&#44; death&#44; and congenital defects in pregnant women treated with any of the following&#58; 1&#41; a vitamin K antagonist &#40;VKA&#41; throughout pregnancy&#59; 2&#41; low&#8208;molecular&#8208;weight heparin &#40;LMWH&#41; throughout pregnancy&#59; 3&#41; LMWH for the first trimester&#44; followed by a VKA &#40;LMWH and VKA&#41;&#59; or 4&#41; unfractionated heparin for the first trimester&#44; followed by a VKA &#40;UFH and VKA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results&#58;</span> A total of 800 pregnancies from 18 publications were included&#46; Composite maternal risk was lowest with VKA &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#44; compared with LMWH &#40;16&#37;&#59; ratio of averaged risk &#91;RAR&#93;&#58; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#58; 1&#46;5 to 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; LMWH and VKA &#40;16&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;2 to 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; or UFH and VKA &#40;16&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;5 to 7&#46;1&#41;&#46; Composite fetal risk was lowest with LMWH &#40;13&#37;&#59; RAR&#58; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;1 to 0&#46;8&#41;&#44; compared with VKA &#40;39&#37;&#41;&#44; LMWH and VKA &#40;23&#37;&#41;&#44; or UFH and VKA &#40;34&#37;&#41;&#46; No significant difference in fetal risk was observed between women taking &#8804;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily warfarin and those with an LMWH regimen &#40;RAR&#58; 0&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;3 to 2&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions&#58;</span> VKA treatment was associated with the lowest risk of adverse maternal outcomes&#44; whereas the use of LMWH throughout pregnancy was associated with the lowest risk of adverse fetal outcomes&#46; Fetal risk was similar between women taking &#8804;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg warfarin daily and women treated with LMWH&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao escolher o artigo de Steinberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; publicado no J Am Coll Cardiol&#44; veio&#8208;me &#224; mem&#243;ria a express&#227;o &#171;no fio da navalha&#187;&#44; porque o tema gravidez&#44; terap&#234;utica anticoagulante e pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas continua a ser pol&#233;mico&#44; a acarretar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dif&#237;ceis e de grande risco&#44; qualquer que seja a op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica escolhida&#46; Pessoalmente&#44; como cardiologista&#44; j&#225; vivi esta ang&#250;stia&#44; j&#225; presenciei casos sem complica&#231;&#245;es e casos de insucesso&#59; tanto de perda fetal como casos de trombose de pr&#243;tese&#44; dois deles fatais&#44; e foi nisso que baseei a minha escolha&#46; O tema tem levado a v&#225;rias meta&#8208;an&#225;lises recentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sendo um problema transversal a v&#225;rias especialidades&#44; tamb&#233;m sinto que cada uma delas valoriza mais a sua parte&#58; a cardiologia foca&#8208;se sobretudo no aspeto da funcionalidade da pr&#243;tese e a obstetr&#237;cia&#47;medicina geral e familiar talvez mais a morbilidade&#47;mortalidade fetal&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre este tema n&#227;o existem grandes estudos comparativos&#46; &#201; atrav&#233;s destas meta&#8208;an&#225;lises que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido efetuadas&#44; no entanto&#44; sobre as decis&#245;es mais dif&#237;ceis&#44; como seja a da interrup&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral pelo risco de embriopatia e substitui&#231;&#227;o por heparina de baixo peso molecular &#40;HBPM&#41; ou heparina n&#227;o fracionada &#40;HNF&#41; entre a 6&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> e a 12&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> semanas&#44; as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o classe <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a&#44; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Data of the European Society of Cardiology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease</span> &#40;ROPAC&#41;&#44; a probabilidade de uma gravidez n&#227;o complicada e sucesso fetal foi calculada em apenas 58&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Neste estudo&#44; que incluiu 212 mulheres&#44; a taxa de trombose prot&#233;sica foi de 4&#44;7&#37;&#44; ocorreu em metade dos casos no primeiro trimestre e&#44; nesses casos&#44; esteve sempre associada ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para qualquer tipo de heparina&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Face a estes resultados&#44; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">million&#8208;dollar question</span> &#233;&#58; ser&#225; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> terap&#234;utico entre a 6&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> e a 12&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> semanas com heparina &#40;HBPM ou HNF&#41; seguro e eficaz&#63;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mudan&#231;a para heparina tem sido a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o alternativa aos antagonistas da vitamina K &#40;AVK&#41; para minimizar o risco de embriopatia &#40;situa&#231;&#227;o relativamente rara&#41;&#46; Os AVK s&#227;o teratog&#233;nicos&#44; atravessam a placenta e&#44; por isso&#44; a mudan&#231;a para heparina durante toda a gravidez ou s&#243; no per&#237;odo de maior risco de embriopatia tem sido uma realidade&#46; Atualmente&#44; da revis&#227;o da literatura&#44; o efeito teratog&#233;nico dos AVK parece ser dose&#8208;dependente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; reduzindo&#8208;se a probabilidade para doses<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de varfarina&#47;dia&#46; No entanto&#44; o seu efeito nocivo verifica&#8208;se tamb&#233;m no risco elevado de aborto espont&#226;neo&#44; morte fetal&#44; hemorragia intracraniana fetal&#44; micro&#8208;hemorragia com altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso central&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e rela&#231;&#227;o prov&#225;vel com maior incid&#234;ncia de d&#233;fice cognitivo &#40;QI diminu&#237;do&#41; em idade tardia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No primeiro trimestre da gravidez existe um estado pr&#243;&#8208;tromb&#243;tico associado a aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;&#8208;coagulantes&#44; diminui&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na S&#44; aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; prote&#237;na C e altera&#231;&#245;es da fibrin&#243;lise&#44; o que torna essa fase particularmente vulner&#225;vel &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de patologia tromb&#243;tica&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; existe um aumento do volume circulante e tamb&#233;m da filtra&#231;&#227;o renal&#44; que tornam dif&#237;ceis os ajustes dos n&#237;veis de heparina &#8211; seja HBPM ou HNF&#44; mas tamb&#233;m a obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Normalized Ratio</span> &#40;INR&#41; adequados &#40;muitas vezes levando &#224; necessidade de aumento da dose e consequentemente maiores riscos para o feto ou at&#233; &#224; mudan&#231;a para outros AVK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de HBPM adequada ao peso da doente &#40;enoxaparina&#44; dalteparina&#41;&#44; devido a menores riscos para o feto&#44; pois n&#227;o passa a barreira placentar&#44; surgiu como uma alternativa promissora&#46; Contudo&#44; o aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas maternas &#40;incluindo trombose de pr&#243;tese&#41; tornou essa op&#231;&#227;o uma escolha dif&#237;cil&#46; O doseamento dos n&#237;veis de antifator Xa em pico permitiu concluir que a maioria das doentes tem n&#237;veis subterap&#234;uticos de HBPM em circula&#231;&#227;o&#44; o que explica o risco aumentado de trombose de pr&#243;tese<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a>&#46; V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a import&#226;ncia de se monitorizar os n&#237;veis de antifator Xa&#44; como forma de ajustar a dose de HBPM&#44; mas a ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose prot&#233;sica&#44; em gr&#225;vidas com n&#237;veis de pico terap&#234;uticos&#44; veio real&#231;ar a necessidade de se monitorizar os valores de vale e de pico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O doseamento do antifator Xa n&#227;o &#233; pr&#225;tica corrente na maioria dos centros&#44; pois na meta&#8208;an&#225;lise de Steinberg et al&#46;&#44; que selecionou 18 estudos&#44; apenas em oito se fez este doseamento&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tamb&#233;m numa revis&#227;o efetuada por Oran et al&#46;&#44; a percentagem de casos de trombose de pr&#243;tese foi de 9&#37; &#40;dez casos&#41;&#46; Em nove desses casos&#44; a dose de HBPM tinha sido fixa&#44; em um tinha havido um controle irregular do antifator Xa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na sele&#231;&#227;o inicial dos estudos para esta meta&#8208;an&#225;lise&#44; foram analisados v&#225;rios tipos de terap&#234;utica anticoagulante e verificou&#8208;se que as gr&#225;vidas sob varfarina&#44; varfarina em baixa dose &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dia&#41; e HNF&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina provieram maioritariamente de pa&#237;ses da &#193;sia&#44; &#193;frica e M&#233;dio Oriente&#44; enquanto os estudos que envolviam HBPM eram sobretudo da Europa e da Am&#233;rica do Norte&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O risco m&#233;dio de eventos estimado para a gr&#225;vida &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">outcome</span> composto&#41;&#44; que inclu&#237;a morte&#44; fal&#234;ncia prot&#233;sica e tromboembolismo sist&#233;mico&#44; foi de 5&#37; para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de varfarina&#44; 15&#44;5&#37; para HBPM&#44; 15&#44;9&#37; para esquema de HBPM&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina e de 15&#44;8&#37; para HNF e varfarina&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O risco fetal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">outcome</span> composto&#41; que inclu&#237;a aborto espont&#226;neo&#44; morte fetal e ocorr&#234;ncia de malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#233;nita&#44; foi de 39&#44;2&#37;&#58; 13&#44;9&#37; para HBPM&#44; 16&#44;4&#37; para os esquemas de HBPM&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina e 33&#44;6&#37; para os esquemas de HNF&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>varfarina&#46; No entanto&#44; na an&#225;lise isolada de baixa dose de varfarina &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; o risco fetal foi de 4&#44;8&#37;&#46; Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#233;nita&#44; o risco foi nulo nesta meta&#8208;an&#225;lise&#44; o que refor&#231;a a ideia de que a embriopatia dos anticoagulantes &#233; rara&#44; ocorrendo muito esporadicamente&#46; Na meta&#8208;an&#225;lise de D&#39;Souza publicada recentemente&#44; esta incid&#234;ncia foi de 2&#37; &#40;entre 0&#44;3&#8208;3&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; O risco fetal foi devido&#44; sobretudo&#44; a aborto espont&#226;neo&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isso levou os autores a concluir que a manuten&#231;&#227;o de varfarina &#233; o procedimento mais seguro para as gr&#225;vidas portadoras de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica&#44; desde que tenham valores de INR adequados&#44; com doses inferiores a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de varfarina&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes resultados est&#227;o em acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ACC&#44; do AHA e da ESC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para as doentes que necessitem de doses maiores&#44; ou que tenham pr&#243;teses mais antigas&#44; mais trombog&#233;nicas&#44; tipo Starr Edwards&#44; as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ESC sugerem a interrup&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral entre a 6<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#46;</span>&#170; e a 12<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#46;</span>&#170; semanas&#44; in&#237;cio de administra&#231;&#227;o de HBPM com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos n&#237;veis do anti&#8208;Xa&#44; e&#44; nos casos mais complicados&#44; o in&#237;cio de HNF de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; com aPTT 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">x</span> o valor recomendado&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De qualquer forma&#44; em qualquer das situa&#231;&#245;es&#44; &#233; sempre necess&#225;rio um bom aconselhamento e apoio &#224; gr&#225;vida com pr&#243;tese valvular mec&#226;nica&#44; explicando todos os riscos poss&#237;veis&#44; a necessidade de maior vigil&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica&#44; mantendo um &#171;alerta&#187; para sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; ensino na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria do INR &#40;se for o caso&#41; e o envolvimento de uma equipa multidisciplinar&#44; atendendo a que s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es de risco maternofetal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O autor declara n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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