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there have been notable advances in the prevention&#44; diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease&#46; However&#44; HF still has a significant impact&#44; as it results in frequent hospitalizations&#44; reduced life expectancy and high expenditure in healthcare systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> HF has an estimated prevalence of 1-2&#37; in the adult population of developed countries&#44; but the number of cases in the elderly is higher&#44; affecting at least 10&#37; of individuals aged 70 years or older&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that the symptoms and signs described are non-specific&#44; the diagnosis of acute HF is not always easy and differential diagnosis can be complicated&#46; The presence of comorbidities such as pulmonary infection also complicates diagnosis due to overlapping symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; the use of biomarkers to provide more accurate diagnosis has been widely studied&#46; Ideally&#44; biomarkers should provide information that is not given by clinical assessment or routine exams&#44; thereby helping medical decisions&#46; They should also be highly sensitive and specific&#44; as well as easily measured&#44; with reasonable costs and rapidly available results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The part played by biomarkers is not limited to the diagnosis of HF&#44; as they may also be useful in prognostic assessment&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natriuretic peptides&#44; especially B-type natriuretic peptide &#40;BNP&#41; and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide &#40;NT-proBNP&#41;&#44; are currently used in clinical practice and their measurement is recommended by the ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and assessment of HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Their use in the diagnosis of acute HF in patients presenting with acute dyspnea in the emergency department &#40;ED&#41; has been validated by several studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Both BNP and NT-proBNP are very precise in identifying acute HF and their addition to routine clinical assessment is clearly advantageous&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> In terms of diagnostic value&#44; there is no statistical difference between the two biomarkers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Natriuretic peptides are also useful in the prognostic assessment of patients hospitalized due to acute HF&#58; higher BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations are associated with higher mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> In patients with stable chronic HF&#44; measurement of natriuretic peptides is also an important follow-up tool&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Natriuretic peptide-guided therapy has been the subject of considerable study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Adjusting therapy in order to attain lower BNP and NT-proBNP levels has been found to be associated with lower hospitalization and mortality rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite their important role in HF&#44; natriuretic peptides show some limitations&#46; They are elevated in other conditions as well as HF&#44; such as valvular heart disease&#44; pulmonary hypertension&#44; pulmonary thromboembolism&#44; atrial fibrillation and sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17</span></a> Age and kidney failure increase natriuretic peptide levels&#44; while obesity is associated with lower levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17</span></a> These situations can give values in a gray area that requires particularly careful analysis&#46; The investigation of new biomarkers that can complement natriuretic peptides has been the subject of considerable attention&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review focuses on two interesting and promising biomarkers currently under study&#58; adrenomedullin &#40;ADM&#41;&#44; mainly a myocyte strain marker&#44; and ST2&#44; mainly a cardiac remodeling marker&#46; These biomarkers reflect different pathological pathways&#46; Their diagnostic and prognostic value will be examined&#44; as will their importance in monitoring of therapy and patient follow-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Adrenomedullin</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ADM is a 52-amino acid peptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> The ADM gene encodes a 185-amino acid preprohormone&#44; which&#44; after cleavage&#44; generates a 164-amino acid prohormone&#44; pro-ADM&#59; pro-ADM is then processed&#44; forming ADM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin &#40;MR-proADM&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; ADM is secreted in various tissues&#44; including the heart&#44; lungs&#44; central nervous system&#44; kidneys and gastrointestinal organs&#59; it is also expressed in endothelial cells&#44; vascular smooth muscle cells&#44; fibroblasts and adipocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> ADM has a hypotensive effect&#58; it stimulates diuresis and natriuresis and also causes vasodilation&#44; lowering blood pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In HF&#44; as a consequence of pressure&#47;volume overload and ventricular wall stretching&#44; the ADM gene is upregulated in cardiac myocytes&#46; The resulting high ADM levels appear to have a protective effect in the myocardium&#44; as they lead to a decrease in preload and afterload&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Some studies suggest that ADM additionally inhibits cell growth and hypertrophy&#59; it has also been associated with reductions in remodeling and fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ADM&#44; like natriuretic peptides and many other vasoactive peptides&#44; is cleaved by neprilysin&#44; a ubiquitous enzyme that is mainly expressed in the proximal tubules of nephrons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Inhibition of neprilysin has been studied as a way to enhance endogenous neurohumoral systems that are diuretic and natriuretic and able to inhibit hypertrophy and fibrosis in HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical use of ADM was limited for some time because of the in vitro instability of this biomarker&#58; its half-life is short and it is quickly removed from the circulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This problem was solved by the use of MR-proADM&#44; a stable fragment of pro-ADM whose concentrations reflect those of ADM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Diagnostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the use of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of acute HF&#44; it should be borne in mind that this biomarker is also increased in other conditions&#44; such as systemic and pulmonary hypertension&#44; following myocardial infarction&#44; kidney failure and sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> In order to determine the diagnostic value of MR-proADM&#44; Dieplinger et al&#46; measured its levels in patients who attended the ED with acute dyspnea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> It was concluded that MR-proADM had no statistically significant value in the diagnosis of acute HF and was clearly inferior to NT-proBNP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Another study confirmed the lack of specificity of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of acute HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Therefore&#44; MR-proADM appears to have no practical utility in the diagnosis of acute HF and its measurement has no advantage over the established natriuretic peptides&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown that MR-proADM can be used in the prognostic assessment of patients with acute HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The BACH study by Maisel et al&#46;&#44; involving a large number of patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea&#44; analyzed whether MR-proADM was related to 90-day survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Survivors had lower MR-proADM levels than those who died&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Furthermore&#44; for predicting 90-day survival&#44; MR-proADM had an area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; on receiver operating characteristic analysis of 0&#46;67&#44; which was slightly superior to BNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;61&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;66&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The prognostic accuracy of MR-proADM levels&#44; assessed in blood samples taken on admission to the ED&#44; was 73&#37;&#44; which was higher than for BNP and NT-proBNP &#40;62&#37; and 64&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a subsequent sub-analysis of the BACH study assessing the prognostic value of ADM in the shorter term&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> MR-proADM was superior to natriuretic peptides in predicting 14-day mortality&#59; the AUC for BNP and NT-proBNP was&#44; respectively&#44; 0&#46;48 and 0&#46;59&#44; while MR-proADM had an AUC of 0&#46;74&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> As the latter value is considerably superior to the AUC observed for predicting 90-day mortality&#44; this biomarker seems to be more useful in shorter-term prognostic assessment&#46; It is important to note that in the above study treatment was similar in survivors and in those who died within 14 days&#59; this shows the importance of identifying patients with worse prognosis&#44; who may need more aggressive treatment and surveillance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The Verifying Dyspnea study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> also confirmed the prognostic value of MR-proADM&#46; In the group of patients with acute HF&#44; MR-proADM levels in the ED and at 72 hours after admission had an AUC for 90-day mortality of 0&#46;76 &#40;p&#60;0&#46;005&#41; and 0&#46;77 &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Moreover&#44; reassessment of MR-proADM 72 hours after admission was superior to a single measurement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These studies show that MR-proADM is a good prognostic marker in patients hospitalized due to acute HF and&#44; in some reports&#44; is even superior to natriuretic peptides&#46; Hence&#44; MR-proADM can be complementary to natriuretic peptides and its measurement may be useful&#46; It is important to point out that MR-proADM levels vary according to certain patient characteristics&#46; Women&#44; older patients&#44; and those with kidney failure and systolic dysfunction have higher MR-proADM levels&#44; while like natriuretic peptides&#44; levels decrease with higher body mass index&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">MR-proADM in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assessment of MR-proADM appears to be useful in the follow-up of patients with stable chronic HF&#46; Von Haehling et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> measured MR-proADM and NT-proBNP in patients with chronic HF&#44; under medication and clinically stable&#46; Higher MR-proADM levels were seen in patients in more advanced NYHA classes and these higher levels were also associated with increased mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Concerning 12-month mortality&#44; MR-proADM had a similar value to NT-proBNP&#59; however&#44; for three-month mortality MR-proADM was shown to be superior to NT-proBNP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Once again MR-proADM appears to be more useful in short-term assessment&#46; The use of MR-proADM together with clinical assessment and natriuretic peptides had a better prognostic value than the individual use of any of these variables &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0009&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Masson et al&#46;&#44; in the GISSI-HF study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> found that higher concentrations of MR-proADM were associated with an increased risk of mortality or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; NT-proBNP and MR-proADM had similar value in prognostic assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Xue et al&#46; recently confirmed these results&#44; concluding that MR-proADM levels were strong predictors of mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Considering all these studies&#44; MR-proADM is a good prognostic marker even in patients with stable chronic HF&#44; and is useful as a follow-up tool&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR-proADM values change with some medications&#44; and lower levels are observed in patients treated with diuretics&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACEIs&#41;&#44; angiotensin receptor blockers &#40;ARBs&#41; and beta-blockers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Richards et al&#46; showed that patients with chronic HF who had higher MR-proADM levels particularly benefited from the use of carvedilol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; there is no evidence that MR-proADM can be used in a biomarker-guided therapeutic strategy&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">ST2</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ST2 is a member of the IL-1 receptor family&#46; There are two main isoforms&#58; a transmembrane receptor &#40;ST2L&#41; and a soluble receptor &#40;sST2&#41;&#46; ST2L includes an extracellular domain&#44; a transmembrane segment and an intracellular domain&#46; sST2&#44; which lacks the transmembrane and intracellular domains&#44; is a circulating isoform that can be detected in serum&#46; The ligand of ST2 is interleukin-33 &#40;IL-33&#41;&#44; an interleukin-1-like cytokine that is secreted by most cells in response to damage&#46; IL-33 exerts its biological actions only when it binds to the ST2L isoform&#46; However&#44; circulating sST2 acts as a decoy receptor&#44; binding to IL-33 and blocking the IL-33&#47;ST2L interaction&#44; which inhibits the action of IL-33<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The IL-33&#47;ST2 complex participates in the immune response through the activation of Th2 effector cells and the release of Th2-related cytokines&#46; IL-33&#47;ST2 thus plays a role in various inflammatory diseases&#44; including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Recently&#44; it was discovered that IL-33&#47;ST2 is also expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Expression is increased in response to myocardial stress&#44; and this appears to have a cardioprotective effect&#44; reducing myocardial fibrosis&#44; preventing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy&#44; reducing apoptosis&#44; and improving myocardial function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> The beneficial effects of IL-33 are exerted specifically through the ST2L receptor and are blocked when IL-33 binds to the decoy receptor sST2&#44; which occurs when sST2 levels are increased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a> This explains why higher sST2 levels are associated with remodeling&#44; fibrosis and hypertrophy in patients with cardiac disease&#44; especially HF and ischemic heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In view of this&#44; several studies have measured circulating sST2 levels in patients with HF&#44; in order to determine the utility of this biomarker&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diagnostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the diagnostic value of sST2 in acute HF&#44; it is important to note that sST2 levels are increased in other cardiovascular diseases besides HF&#44; such as hypertension&#44; ischemic heart disease and valvular heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Higher concentrations of sST2 are also seen in several inflammatory diseases&#44; including asthma&#44; rheumatoid arthritis and systemic erythematous lupus&#44; and in sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> In the PRIDE study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> the sST2 levels of patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea were measured in order to determine its diagnostic value for acute HF&#46; Although sST2 concentrations were higher in patients with acute HF than in those with non-cardiac dyspnea&#44; sST2 was not found to have a statistically significant diagnostic value&#59; likewise&#44; it was clearly inferior to NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of acute HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Accordingly&#44; it can be concluded that sST2 measurement is not useful for the diagnosis of acute HF and does not present advantages over the established natriuretic peptides&#44; which has been confirmed in more recent studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;35</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Prognostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 levels in patients hospitalized due to acute HF&#44; measured at admission and discharge&#44; can be used for prognostic assessment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The PRIDE study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> showed that high sST2 concentrations were clearly associated with increased one-year mortality&#46; Likewise&#44; patients with sST2 levels above the median value had 11-fold greater odds for death &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0005&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> sST2 was also superior to NT-proBNP in predicting one-year mortality risk &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; but the best value was obtained by using these two biomarkers together&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Rehman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> confirmed the correlation between higher sST2 and worse prognosis and also showed that sST2 levels increased with higher NYHA class&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> More recently&#44; Fri&#245;es et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> concluded that higher sST2 concentrations in patients with acute HF were associated with greater risk of six-month mortality or readmission&#46; In this study&#44; sST2 and BNP had similar values but&#44; again&#44; the best value was attained by using the two biomarkers together&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring of sST2 values through serial measurements appears to be particularly useful&#44; increasing the prognostic power of this biomarker&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Bayes-Genis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> studied a small group of patients with acute HF and measured their sST2 values at discharge and two weeks later&#46; Patients with a greater decrease in sST2 two weeks after discharge had a better prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Another study measured sST2 at admission in the ED and 48 hours later&#44; concluding that sST2 levels clearly separated those who survived from those who did not&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Likewise&#44; the percentage of sST2 decrease predicted long term mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be concluded that sST2 is a good prognostic marker&#44; both short- and long-term&#44; in patients hospitalized for acute HF&#46; Also&#44; the addition of sST2 to natriuretic peptides is superior to the use of natriuretic peptides alone&#46; It is important to emphasize that repeated monitoring of sST2 levels is more useful than a single measurement&#44; and its low biological variability increases its potential for serial testing and patient monitoring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> It has also recently been shown that the prognostic value of sST2 is not influenced by renal function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> It should be noted that higher sST2 levels are associated with decreased ejection fraction&#44; left ventricular enlargement and hypokinesia&#44; which suggests its potential for the assessment of ventricular remodeling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">ST2 in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 assessment may also be useful as a follow-up measure in patients with stable chronic HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> The Penn Heart Failure study&#44; which determined sST2 levels in patients with chronic HF&#44; concluded that higher sST2 concentrations &#40;&#62;36&#46;3 ng&#47;ml&#41; were associated with a higher risk of mortality or heart transplantation &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Although the prognostic value of sST2 was similar to that of NT-proBNP&#44; the combination of the two biomarkers was superior to their use individually&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> and was a useful complement to conventional clinical assessment&#44; enabling better classification of patients in appropriate risk categories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Bayes-Genis et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> whose study showed comparable results&#44; subsequently confirmed these findings&#46; In the Val-HeFT trial&#44; elevated sST2 levels in patients with chronic HF were significantly &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41; correlated with increased morbidity&#44; mortality and hospitalization for decompensated HF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> while in the PROTECT study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> patients with increased sST2 during follow-up had earlier cardiovascular complications &#40;p&#61;0&#46;009&#41;&#46; This study reached another important conclusion&#58; sST2 levels below a cutoff of 35 ng&#47;ml were associated with lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> This links sST2 with left ventricular remodeling and suggests the potential of this biomarker in surveillance of structural heart changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Hence&#44; sST2 has prognostic value in patients with chronic HF&#44; as it identifies those at higher risk&#44; particularly when used together with natriuretic peptides&#44; and could thus be used as a follow-up strategy in these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients under HF treatment including ACEIs&#44; ARBs&#44; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta-blockers show lower concentrations of sST2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> This association has led to the hypothesis that this biomarker can be used as a treatment guide in HF&#46; Beta-blockers have shown a substantial effect on sST2 levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Exploring this link&#44; Gaggin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> observed that&#44; in patients with elevated sST2 levels&#44; those under higher beta-blocker doses had lower mortality&#44; suggesting that high sST2 levels may identify patients who will benefit from higher treatment doses&#46; In another study&#44; spironolactone therapy was significantly beneficial for patients hospitalized with acute HF who had elevated sST2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> However&#44; there is insufficient data to support the clinical use of sST2 in biomarker-tailored therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion and conclusions</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natriuretic peptides are a part of daily clinical practice&#44; not only for the large number of patients hospitalized with decompensated HF&#44; and their utility has been confirmed in various studies&#46; They are an important tool in the diagnosis of acute HF&#44; as well as in prognostic assessment&#46; They have a promising role in biomarker-guided therapy&#44; though this is still not recommended by clinical guidelines&#46; Several other biomarkers that can complement natriuretic peptides have been studied&#46; A multimarker strategy appears to be beneficial&#44; which is another incentive for thorough investigation of new molecules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the studies analyzed in this work&#44; it can be concluded that measurement of MR-proADM and sST2 is not of significant help in the diagnostic assessment of patients hospitalized with HF&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding risk stratification&#44; the best results can be found in the MOCA study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> in which these biomarkers were able to identify patients with higher mortality risk&#44; who need enhanced surveillance and more aggressive therapeutic strategies&#46; The addition of sST2 and MR-proADM to the natriuretic peptides helps to determine both short- and long-term prognosis&#46; sST2 and MR-proADM can be used in the follow-up of patients with stable chronic HF&#46; In these patients&#44; MR-proADM and sST2 appear to be equivalent or&#44; in some cases&#44; superior to natriuretic peptides&#44; and can be used in conjunction with them in follow-up&#46; Unlike for natriuretic peptides&#44; studies proving the clinical utility of sST2 and MR-proADM in biomarker-guided therapy are still lacking&#46; These conclusions are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 appears to have some advantages compared to MR-proADM&#46; Some studies on sST2 have shown that this biomarker is linked to ventricular remodeling&#58; elevated sST2 levels are associated with an enlarged and hypokinetic left ventricle&#46; This suggests that natriuretic peptides could be more useful when assessed in conjunction with sST2 than with MR-proADM&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the benefits of these two biomarkers&#44; many questions remain to be answered&#46; For instance&#44; the cutoff values indicating good or bad prognosis are of considerable importance&#46; Biomarker values usually reach their peak in the acute phase and then decrease during stabilization&#44; reaching lower levels in patients with stable chronic HF&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For sST2&#44; 35 ng&#47;ml is the cutoff validated in both acute and chronic HF&#46; This biomarker is most widely used to classify patients with chronic HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> By contrast&#44; there is no agreed threshold for MR-proADM in either acute or chronic HF patients&#46; It is consequently a priority to define cutoff values that can be applied to the general population&#44; enabling widespread clinical use of these biomarkers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:10 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres859476"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec853585"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Adrenomedullin"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Diagnostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "MR-proADM in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy"
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          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "ST2"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Diagnostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Prognostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "ST2 in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Discussion and conclusions"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-10-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-21"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec853585"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Heart failure"
            1 => "Biomarkers"
            2 => "NT-proBNP"
            3 => "Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin"
            4 => "ST2"
            5 => "sST2"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec853584"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            1 => "Biomarcadores"
            2 => "NT-proBNP"
            3 => "Adrenomedulina"
            4 => "ST2"
            5 => "sST2"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure has a high prevalence in developed countries&#46; It is a frequent cause of hospital admission and has an important impact on morbidity&#44; mortality and healthcare costs&#46; Biomarkers have been widely studied in heart failure&#44; as they improve diagnosis and prognostic assessment&#46; Natriuretic peptides are already a part of daily clinical practice but several other biomarkers are being studied&#46; This review focuses on mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin &#40;MR-proADM&#41; and ST2&#46; Neither of these biomarkers is useful in the diagnosis of acute heart failure&#46; However&#44; both have considerable short- and long-term prognostic value in patients with acute and with stable chronic heart failure&#46; The utility of these two biomarkers in guiding heart failure treatment is yet to be established&#46; ST2 appears to have some advantages compared to MR-proADM&#44; because it is more closely associated with ventricular remodeling and fibrosis&#46;</p></span>"
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      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem uma elevada preval&#234;ncia nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos&#46; Trata-se de uma causa frequente de internamento hospitalar com importante impacto na morbilidade&#44; mortalidade e custos dos cuidados de sa&#250;de&#46; Os biomarcadores t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Os p&#233;ptidos natriur&#233;ticos fazem j&#225; parte da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria&#44; mas h&#225; v&#225;rios outros biomarcadores que t&#234;m vindo a ser estudados&#46; Este artigo pretende avaliar a import&#226;ncia da MR-proadrenomedulina e do ST2&#46; Nenhum destes biomarcadores se tem revelado &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda&#46; Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida ainda a utilidade destes dois biomarcadores na terap&#234;utica guiada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Contudo&#44; ambos t&#234;m importante valor progn&#243;stico em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#243;nica&#46; O uso combinado com os p&#233;ptidos natriur&#233;ticos pode permitir uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">List of abbreviations</span>"
        "listaDefinicion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "definicion" => array:13 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ADM"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">adrenomedullin</p>"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ACEIs"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</p>"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ARBs"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">angiotensin receptor blockers</p>"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "AUC"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">area under the curve</p>"
              ]
              4 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "BNP"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B-type natriuretic peptide</p>"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ED"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">emergency department</p>"
              ]
              6 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "HF"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">heart failure</p>"
              ]
              7 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "IL-1"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin-1</p>"
              ]
              8 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "IL-33"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin-33</p>"
              ]
              9 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "MR-proADM"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin</p>"
              ]
              10 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "NT-proBNP"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</p>"
              ]
              11 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ST2"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">suppression of tumorigenicity 2</p>"
              ]
              12 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "sST2"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">soluble ST2</p>"
              ]
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        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schematic representation of the production and actions of adrenomedullin &#40;ADM&#41; in heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#46; The pressure&#47;volume overload and ventricular wall stretching seen in HF lead to upregulation of the ADM gene&#46; The preprohormone undergoes cleavage&#44; forming pro-ADM&#44; which is further processed to ADM&#46; ADM causes natriuresis&#44; diuresis&#44; and vasodilation&#46; It is also associated with reduced hypertrophy&#44; ventricular remodeling and fibrosis&#46; The actions of ADM thus have a cardioprotective effect&#46; Due to its in vitro instability&#44; ADM levels cannot be measured directly&#44; but cleavage of pro-ADM also produces mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#44; a stable fragment that is easily measured and whose concentrations reflect those of ADM&#46; ADM&#58; adrenomedullin&#59; MR-proADM&#58; mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schematic representation of the interleukin-33 &#40;IL-33&#41;&#47;ST2 pathway&#46; IL-33 exerts its biological actions when it binds to the ST2L isoform&#46; In situations of myocardial stress&#44; the IL-33&#47;ST2L interaction appears to have a cardioprotective effect&#46; Soluble ST2 acts as a decoy receptor&#44; preventing the beneficial effects of IL-33&#47;ST2L signaling&#46; IL-33&#58; interleukin-33&#59; sST2&#58; soluble ST2&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AUC&#58; area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic analysis&#59; BNP&#58; B-type natriuretic peptide&#59; ED&#58; emergency department&#59; MR-proADM&#58; mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#59; NT-proBNP&#58; N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Setting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary endpoint&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main conclusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maisel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1641&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR-proADM had an AUC of 0&#46;67&#44; which was marginally superior to BNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;61&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peacock et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1641&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">With an AUC of 0&#46;72&#44; MR-proADM was superior to both BNP &#40;0&#46;48&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;0&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Travaglino et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30- and 90-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR-proADM values at admission and at 72 hours significantly predicted 30-day mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#41; and 90-day mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies assessing the prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ED&#58; emergency department&#59; HF&#58; heart failure&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Setting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary endpoint&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main conclusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Januzzi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dyspneic patients in the ED&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">599&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1-year mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High ST2 levels associated with increased 1-year mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rehman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients in the ED with acute HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">346&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1-year mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Higher ST2 levels are found in patients in higher NYHA class and correlate with worse prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fri&#245;es et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients hospitalized with acute HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6-month mortality or readmission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Higher ST2 concentrations associated with higher risk of 6-month mortality or readmission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bayes-Genis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ambulatory patients with recent decompensated HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1-year cardiovascular death&#44; hospital admission for HF or heart transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A greater decrease in ST2 levels two weeks after discharge associated with better outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Breidthardt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients in the ED with acute HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ED and serial ST2 measurements are independent predictors of 1-year mortality in acute HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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Review Article
Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin and ST2 in heart failure: Contributions to diagnosis and prognosis
A MR-proadrenomedulina e o ST2 na insuficiência cardíaca: contribuição para o diagnóstico e prognóstico
Daniela Lopesa, Luiz Menezes Falcãob,
Corresponding author
luizmfalcao@sapo.pt

Corresponding author.
a University Hospital Santa Maria/CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
b University Hospital Santa Maria/CHLN, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schematic representation of the production and actions of adrenomedullin &#40;ADM&#41; in heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#46; The pressure&#47;volume overload and ventricular wall stretching seen in HF lead to upregulation of the ADM gene&#46; The preprohormone undergoes cleavage&#44; forming pro-ADM&#44; which is further processed to ADM&#46; ADM causes natriuresis&#44; diuresis&#44; and vasodilation&#46; It is also associated with reduced hypertrophy&#44; ventricular remodeling and fibrosis&#46; The actions of ADM thus have a cardioprotective effect&#46; Due to its in vitro instability&#44; ADM levels cannot be measured directly&#44; but cleavage of pro-ADM also produces mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#44; a stable fragment that is easily measured and whose concentrations reflect those of ADM&#46; ADM&#58; adrenomedullin&#59; MR-proADM&#58; mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the most recent European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> heart failure &#40;HF&#41; is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by typical symptoms &#40;e&#46;g&#46; breathlessness&#44; ankle swelling and fatigue&#41; that may be accompanied by signs &#40;e&#46;g&#46; elevated jugular venous pressure&#44; pulmonary crackles and peripheral edema&#41; caused by a structural and&#47;or functional cardiac abnormality&#44; resulting in a reduced cardiac output and&#47;or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress&#46; This definition of HF restricts itself to stages at which clinical symptoms are apparent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In recent decades&#44; there have been notable advances in the prevention&#44; diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease&#46; However&#44; HF still has a significant impact&#44; as it results in frequent hospitalizations&#44; reduced life expectancy and high expenditure in healthcare systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> HF has an estimated prevalence of 1-2&#37; in the adult population of developed countries&#44; but the number of cases in the elderly is higher&#44; affecting at least 10&#37; of individuals aged 70 years or older&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that the symptoms and signs described are non-specific&#44; the diagnosis of acute HF is not always easy and differential diagnosis can be complicated&#46; The presence of comorbidities such as pulmonary infection also complicates diagnosis due to overlapping symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; the use of biomarkers to provide more accurate diagnosis has been widely studied&#46; Ideally&#44; biomarkers should provide information that is not given by clinical assessment or routine exams&#44; thereby helping medical decisions&#46; They should also be highly sensitive and specific&#44; as well as easily measured&#44; with reasonable costs and rapidly available results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The part played by biomarkers is not limited to the diagnosis of HF&#44; as they may also be useful in prognostic assessment&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natriuretic peptides&#44; especially B-type natriuretic peptide &#40;BNP&#41; and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide &#40;NT-proBNP&#41;&#44; are currently used in clinical practice and their measurement is recommended by the ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and assessment of HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Their use in the diagnosis of acute HF in patients presenting with acute dyspnea in the emergency department &#40;ED&#41; has been validated by several studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Both BNP and NT-proBNP are very precise in identifying acute HF and their addition to routine clinical assessment is clearly advantageous&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> In terms of diagnostic value&#44; there is no statistical difference between the two biomarkers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Natriuretic peptides are also useful in the prognostic assessment of patients hospitalized due to acute HF&#58; higher BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations are associated with higher mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> In patients with stable chronic HF&#44; measurement of natriuretic peptides is also an important follow-up tool&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Natriuretic peptide-guided therapy has been the subject of considerable study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Adjusting therapy in order to attain lower BNP and NT-proBNP levels has been found to be associated with lower hospitalization and mortality rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite their important role in HF&#44; natriuretic peptides show some limitations&#46; They are elevated in other conditions as well as HF&#44; such as valvular heart disease&#44; pulmonary hypertension&#44; pulmonary thromboembolism&#44; atrial fibrillation and sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17</span></a> Age and kidney failure increase natriuretic peptide levels&#44; while obesity is associated with lower levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17</span></a> These situations can give values in a gray area that requires particularly careful analysis&#46; The investigation of new biomarkers that can complement natriuretic peptides has been the subject of considerable attention&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review focuses on two interesting and promising biomarkers currently under study&#58; adrenomedullin &#40;ADM&#41;&#44; mainly a myocyte strain marker&#44; and ST2&#44; mainly a cardiac remodeling marker&#46; These biomarkers reflect different pathological pathways&#46; Their diagnostic and prognostic value will be examined&#44; as will their importance in monitoring of therapy and patient follow-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Adrenomedullin</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ADM is a 52-amino acid peptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> The ADM gene encodes a 185-amino acid preprohormone&#44; which&#44; after cleavage&#44; generates a 164-amino acid prohormone&#44; pro-ADM&#59; pro-ADM is then processed&#44; forming ADM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin &#40;MR-proADM&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; ADM is secreted in various tissues&#44; including the heart&#44; lungs&#44; central nervous system&#44; kidneys and gastrointestinal organs&#59; it is also expressed in endothelial cells&#44; vascular smooth muscle cells&#44; fibroblasts and adipocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> ADM has a hypotensive effect&#58; it stimulates diuresis and natriuresis and also causes vasodilation&#44; lowering blood pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In HF&#44; as a consequence of pressure&#47;volume overload and ventricular wall stretching&#44; the ADM gene is upregulated in cardiac myocytes&#46; The resulting high ADM levels appear to have a protective effect in the myocardium&#44; as they lead to a decrease in preload and afterload&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Some studies suggest that ADM additionally inhibits cell growth and hypertrophy&#59; it has also been associated with reductions in remodeling and fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ADM&#44; like natriuretic peptides and many other vasoactive peptides&#44; is cleaved by neprilysin&#44; a ubiquitous enzyme that is mainly expressed in the proximal tubules of nephrons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Inhibition of neprilysin has been studied as a way to enhance endogenous neurohumoral systems that are diuretic and natriuretic and able to inhibit hypertrophy and fibrosis in HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical use of ADM was limited for some time because of the in vitro instability of this biomarker&#58; its half-life is short and it is quickly removed from the circulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This problem was solved by the use of MR-proADM&#44; a stable fragment of pro-ADM whose concentrations reflect those of ADM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Diagnostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the use of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of acute HF&#44; it should be borne in mind that this biomarker is also increased in other conditions&#44; such as systemic and pulmonary hypertension&#44; following myocardial infarction&#44; kidney failure and sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> In order to determine the diagnostic value of MR-proADM&#44; Dieplinger et al&#46; measured its levels in patients who attended the ED with acute dyspnea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> It was concluded that MR-proADM had no statistically significant value in the diagnosis of acute HF and was clearly inferior to NT-proBNP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Another study confirmed the lack of specificity of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of acute HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Therefore&#44; MR-proADM appears to have no practical utility in the diagnosis of acute HF and its measurement has no advantage over the established natriuretic peptides&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown that MR-proADM can be used in the prognostic assessment of patients with acute HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The BACH study by Maisel et al&#46;&#44; involving a large number of patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea&#44; analyzed whether MR-proADM was related to 90-day survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Survivors had lower MR-proADM levels than those who died&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Furthermore&#44; for predicting 90-day survival&#44; MR-proADM had an area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; on receiver operating characteristic analysis of 0&#46;67&#44; which was slightly superior to BNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;61&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;66&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The prognostic accuracy of MR-proADM levels&#44; assessed in blood samples taken on admission to the ED&#44; was 73&#37;&#44; which was higher than for BNP and NT-proBNP &#40;62&#37; and 64&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a subsequent sub-analysis of the BACH study assessing the prognostic value of ADM in the shorter term&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> MR-proADM was superior to natriuretic peptides in predicting 14-day mortality&#59; the AUC for BNP and NT-proBNP was&#44; respectively&#44; 0&#46;48 and 0&#46;59&#44; while MR-proADM had an AUC of 0&#46;74&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> As the latter value is considerably superior to the AUC observed for predicting 90-day mortality&#44; this biomarker seems to be more useful in shorter-term prognostic assessment&#46; It is important to note that in the above study treatment was similar in survivors and in those who died within 14 days&#59; this shows the importance of identifying patients with worse prognosis&#44; who may need more aggressive treatment and surveillance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The Verifying Dyspnea study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> also confirmed the prognostic value of MR-proADM&#46; In the group of patients with acute HF&#44; MR-proADM levels in the ED and at 72 hours after admission had an AUC for 90-day mortality of 0&#46;76 &#40;p&#60;0&#46;005&#41; and 0&#46;77 &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Moreover&#44; reassessment of MR-proADM 72 hours after admission was superior to a single measurement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These studies show that MR-proADM is a good prognostic marker in patients hospitalized due to acute HF and&#44; in some reports&#44; is even superior to natriuretic peptides&#46; Hence&#44; MR-proADM can be complementary to natriuretic peptides and its measurement may be useful&#46; It is important to point out that MR-proADM levels vary according to certain patient characteristics&#46; Women&#44; older patients&#44; and those with kidney failure and systolic dysfunction have higher MR-proADM levels&#44; while like natriuretic peptides&#44; levels decrease with higher body mass index&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">MR-proADM in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assessment of MR-proADM appears to be useful in the follow-up of patients with stable chronic HF&#46; Von Haehling et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> measured MR-proADM and NT-proBNP in patients with chronic HF&#44; under medication and clinically stable&#46; Higher MR-proADM levels were seen in patients in more advanced NYHA classes and these higher levels were also associated with increased mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Concerning 12-month mortality&#44; MR-proADM had a similar value to NT-proBNP&#59; however&#44; for three-month mortality MR-proADM was shown to be superior to NT-proBNP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Once again MR-proADM appears to be more useful in short-term assessment&#46; The use of MR-proADM together with clinical assessment and natriuretic peptides had a better prognostic value than the individual use of any of these variables &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0009&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Masson et al&#46;&#44; in the GISSI-HF study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> found that higher concentrations of MR-proADM were associated with an increased risk of mortality or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; NT-proBNP and MR-proADM had similar value in prognostic assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Xue et al&#46; recently confirmed these results&#44; concluding that MR-proADM levels were strong predictors of mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Considering all these studies&#44; MR-proADM is a good prognostic marker even in patients with stable chronic HF&#44; and is useful as a follow-up tool&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR-proADM values change with some medications&#44; and lower levels are observed in patients treated with diuretics&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACEIs&#41;&#44; angiotensin receptor blockers &#40;ARBs&#41; and beta-blockers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Richards et al&#46; showed that patients with chronic HF who had higher MR-proADM levels particularly benefited from the use of carvedilol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; there is no evidence that MR-proADM can be used in a biomarker-guided therapeutic strategy&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">ST2</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ST2 is a member of the IL-1 receptor family&#46; There are two main isoforms&#58; a transmembrane receptor &#40;ST2L&#41; and a soluble receptor &#40;sST2&#41;&#46; ST2L includes an extracellular domain&#44; a transmembrane segment and an intracellular domain&#46; sST2&#44; which lacks the transmembrane and intracellular domains&#44; is a circulating isoform that can be detected in serum&#46; The ligand of ST2 is interleukin-33 &#40;IL-33&#41;&#44; an interleukin-1-like cytokine that is secreted by most cells in response to damage&#46; IL-33 exerts its biological actions only when it binds to the ST2L isoform&#46; However&#44; circulating sST2 acts as a decoy receptor&#44; binding to IL-33 and blocking the IL-33&#47;ST2L interaction&#44; which inhibits the action of IL-33<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The IL-33&#47;ST2 complex participates in the immune response through the activation of Th2 effector cells and the release of Th2-related cytokines&#46; IL-33&#47;ST2 thus plays a role in various inflammatory diseases&#44; including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Recently&#44; it was discovered that IL-33&#47;ST2 is also expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Expression is increased in response to myocardial stress&#44; and this appears to have a cardioprotective effect&#44; reducing myocardial fibrosis&#44; preventing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy&#44; reducing apoptosis&#44; and improving myocardial function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> The beneficial effects of IL-33 are exerted specifically through the ST2L receptor and are blocked when IL-33 binds to the decoy receptor sST2&#44; which occurs when sST2 levels are increased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a> This explains why higher sST2 levels are associated with remodeling&#44; fibrosis and hypertrophy in patients with cardiac disease&#44; especially HF and ischemic heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In view of this&#44; several studies have measured circulating sST2 levels in patients with HF&#44; in order to determine the utility of this biomarker&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diagnostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the diagnostic value of sST2 in acute HF&#44; it is important to note that sST2 levels are increased in other cardiovascular diseases besides HF&#44; such as hypertension&#44; ischemic heart disease and valvular heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Higher concentrations of sST2 are also seen in several inflammatory diseases&#44; including asthma&#44; rheumatoid arthritis and systemic erythematous lupus&#44; and in sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> In the PRIDE study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> the sST2 levels of patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnea were measured in order to determine its diagnostic value for acute HF&#46; Although sST2 concentrations were higher in patients with acute HF than in those with non-cardiac dyspnea&#44; sST2 was not found to have a statistically significant diagnostic value&#59; likewise&#44; it was clearly inferior to NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of acute HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Accordingly&#44; it can be concluded that sST2 measurement is not useful for the diagnosis of acute HF and does not present advantages over the established natriuretic peptides&#44; which has been confirmed in more recent studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;35</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Prognostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 levels in patients hospitalized due to acute HF&#44; measured at admission and discharge&#44; can be used for prognostic assessment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The PRIDE study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> showed that high sST2 concentrations were clearly associated with increased one-year mortality&#46; Likewise&#44; patients with sST2 levels above the median value had 11-fold greater odds for death &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0005&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> sST2 was also superior to NT-proBNP in predicting one-year mortality risk &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; but the best value was obtained by using these two biomarkers together&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Rehman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> confirmed the correlation between higher sST2 and worse prognosis and also showed that sST2 levels increased with higher NYHA class&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> More recently&#44; Fri&#245;es et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> concluded that higher sST2 concentrations in patients with acute HF were associated with greater risk of six-month mortality or readmission&#46; In this study&#44; sST2 and BNP had similar values but&#44; again&#44; the best value was attained by using the two biomarkers together&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring of sST2 values through serial measurements appears to be particularly useful&#44; increasing the prognostic power of this biomarker&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Bayes-Genis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> studied a small group of patients with acute HF and measured their sST2 values at discharge and two weeks later&#46; Patients with a greater decrease in sST2 two weeks after discharge had a better prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Another study measured sST2 at admission in the ED and 48 hours later&#44; concluding that sST2 levels clearly separated those who survived from those who did not&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Likewise&#44; the percentage of sST2 decrease predicted long term mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be concluded that sST2 is a good prognostic marker&#44; both short- and long-term&#44; in patients hospitalized for acute HF&#46; Also&#44; the addition of sST2 to natriuretic peptides is superior to the use of natriuretic peptides alone&#46; It is important to emphasize that repeated monitoring of sST2 levels is more useful than a single measurement&#44; and its low biological variability increases its potential for serial testing and patient monitoring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> It has also recently been shown that the prognostic value of sST2 is not influenced by renal function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> It should be noted that higher sST2 levels are associated with decreased ejection fraction&#44; left ventricular enlargement and hypokinesia&#44; which suggests its potential for the assessment of ventricular remodeling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">ST2 in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 assessment may also be useful as a follow-up measure in patients with stable chronic HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> The Penn Heart Failure study&#44; which determined sST2 levels in patients with chronic HF&#44; concluded that higher sST2 concentrations &#40;&#62;36&#46;3 ng&#47;ml&#41; were associated with a higher risk of mortality or heart transplantation &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Although the prognostic value of sST2 was similar to that of NT-proBNP&#44; the combination of the two biomarkers was superior to their use individually&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> and was a useful complement to conventional clinical assessment&#44; enabling better classification of patients in appropriate risk categories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Bayes-Genis et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> whose study showed comparable results&#44; subsequently confirmed these findings&#46; In the Val-HeFT trial&#44; elevated sST2 levels in patients with chronic HF were significantly &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41; correlated with increased morbidity&#44; mortality and hospitalization for decompensated HF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> while in the PROTECT study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> patients with increased sST2 during follow-up had earlier cardiovascular complications &#40;p&#61;0&#46;009&#41;&#46; This study reached another important conclusion&#58; sST2 levels below a cutoff of 35 ng&#47;ml were associated with lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> This links sST2 with left ventricular remodeling and suggests the potential of this biomarker in surveillance of structural heart changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Hence&#44; sST2 has prognostic value in patients with chronic HF&#44; as it identifies those at higher risk&#44; particularly when used together with natriuretic peptides&#44; and could thus be used as a follow-up strategy in these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients under HF treatment including ACEIs&#44; ARBs&#44; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta-blockers show lower concentrations of sST2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> This association has led to the hypothesis that this biomarker can be used as a treatment guide in HF&#46; Beta-blockers have shown a substantial effect on sST2 levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Exploring this link&#44; Gaggin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> observed that&#44; in patients with elevated sST2 levels&#44; those under higher beta-blocker doses had lower mortality&#44; suggesting that high sST2 levels may identify patients who will benefit from higher treatment doses&#46; In another study&#44; spironolactone therapy was significantly beneficial for patients hospitalized with acute HF who had elevated sST2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> However&#44; there is insufficient data to support the clinical use of sST2 in biomarker-tailored therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion and conclusions</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natriuretic peptides are a part of daily clinical practice&#44; not only for the large number of patients hospitalized with decompensated HF&#44; and their utility has been confirmed in various studies&#46; They are an important tool in the diagnosis of acute HF&#44; as well as in prognostic assessment&#46; They have a promising role in biomarker-guided therapy&#44; though this is still not recommended by clinical guidelines&#46; Several other biomarkers that can complement natriuretic peptides have been studied&#46; A multimarker strategy appears to be beneficial&#44; which is another incentive for thorough investigation of new molecules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the studies analyzed in this work&#44; it can be concluded that measurement of MR-proADM and sST2 is not of significant help in the diagnostic assessment of patients hospitalized with HF&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding risk stratification&#44; the best results can be found in the MOCA study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> in which these biomarkers were able to identify patients with higher mortality risk&#44; who need enhanced surveillance and more aggressive therapeutic strategies&#46; The addition of sST2 and MR-proADM to the natriuretic peptides helps to determine both short- and long-term prognosis&#46; sST2 and MR-proADM can be used in the follow-up of patients with stable chronic HF&#46; In these patients&#44; MR-proADM and sST2 appear to be equivalent or&#44; in some cases&#44; superior to natriuretic peptides&#44; and can be used in conjunction with them in follow-up&#46; Unlike for natriuretic peptides&#44; studies proving the clinical utility of sST2 and MR-proADM in biomarker-guided therapy are still lacking&#46; These conclusions are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">sST2 appears to have some advantages compared to MR-proADM&#46; Some studies on sST2 have shown that this biomarker is linked to ventricular remodeling&#58; elevated sST2 levels are associated with an enlarged and hypokinetic left ventricle&#46; This suggests that natriuretic peptides could be more useful when assessed in conjunction with sST2 than with MR-proADM&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the benefits of these two biomarkers&#44; many questions remain to be answered&#46; For instance&#44; the cutoff values indicating good or bad prognosis are of considerable importance&#46; Biomarker values usually reach their peak in the acute phase and then decrease during stabilization&#44; reaching lower levels in patients with stable chronic HF&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For sST2&#44; 35 ng&#47;ml is the cutoff validated in both acute and chronic HF&#46; This biomarker is most widely used to classify patients with chronic HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> By contrast&#44; there is no agreed threshold for MR-proADM in either acute or chronic HF patients&#46; It is consequently a priority to define cutoff values that can be applied to the general population&#44; enabling widespread clinical use of these biomarkers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xres859476"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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        1 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Adrenomedullin"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Diagnostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "MR-proADM in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy"
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          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "ST2"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Diagnostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Prognostic value of ST2 in acute heart failure"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "ST2 in follow-up and biomarker-guided therapy"
            ]
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          "titulo" => "Discussion and conclusions"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-10-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-21"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Heart failure"
            1 => "Biomarkers"
            2 => "NT-proBNP"
            3 => "Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin"
            4 => "ST2"
            5 => "sST2"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec853584"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            1 => "Biomarcadores"
            2 => "NT-proBNP"
            3 => "Adrenomedulina"
            4 => "ST2"
            5 => "sST2"
          ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure has a high prevalence in developed countries&#46; It is a frequent cause of hospital admission and has an important impact on morbidity&#44; mortality and healthcare costs&#46; Biomarkers have been widely studied in heart failure&#44; as they improve diagnosis and prognostic assessment&#46; Natriuretic peptides are already a part of daily clinical practice but several other biomarkers are being studied&#46; This review focuses on mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin &#40;MR-proADM&#41; and ST2&#46; Neither of these biomarkers is useful in the diagnosis of acute heart failure&#46; However&#44; both have considerable short- and long-term prognostic value in patients with acute and with stable chronic heart failure&#46; The utility of these two biomarkers in guiding heart failure treatment is yet to be established&#46; ST2 appears to have some advantages compared to MR-proADM&#44; because it is more closely associated with ventricular remodeling and fibrosis&#46;</p></span>"
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      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem uma elevada preval&#234;ncia nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos&#46; Trata-se de uma causa frequente de internamento hospitalar com importante impacto na morbilidade&#44; mortalidade e custos dos cuidados de sa&#250;de&#46; Os biomarcadores t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Os p&#233;ptidos natriur&#233;ticos fazem j&#225; parte da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria&#44; mas h&#225; v&#225;rios outros biomarcadores que t&#234;m vindo a ser estudados&#46; Este artigo pretende avaliar a import&#226;ncia da MR-proadrenomedulina e do ST2&#46; Nenhum destes biomarcadores se tem revelado &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda&#46; Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida ainda a utilidade destes dois biomarcadores na terap&#234;utica guiada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Contudo&#44; ambos t&#234;m importante valor progn&#243;stico em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#243;nica&#46; O uso combinado com os p&#233;ptidos natriur&#233;ticos pode permitir uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p></span>"
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        "identificador" => "nom0005"
        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">List of abbreviations</span>"
        "listaDefinicion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "definicion" => array:13 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ADM"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">adrenomedullin</p>"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ACEIs"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</p>"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ARBs"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">angiotensin receptor blockers</p>"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "AUC"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">area under the curve</p>"
              ]
              4 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "BNP"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B-type natriuretic peptide</p>"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ED"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">emergency department</p>"
              ]
              6 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "HF"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">heart failure</p>"
              ]
              7 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "IL-1"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin-1</p>"
              ]
              8 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "IL-33"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin-33</p>"
              ]
              9 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "MR-proADM"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin</p>"
              ]
              10 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "NT-proBNP"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</p>"
              ]
              11 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ST2"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">suppression of tumorigenicity 2</p>"
              ]
              12 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "sST2"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">soluble ST2</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schematic representation of the production and actions of adrenomedullin &#40;ADM&#41; in heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#46; The pressure&#47;volume overload and ventricular wall stretching seen in HF lead to upregulation of the ADM gene&#46; The preprohormone undergoes cleavage&#44; forming pro-ADM&#44; which is further processed to ADM&#46; ADM causes natriuresis&#44; diuresis&#44; and vasodilation&#46; It is also associated with reduced hypertrophy&#44; ventricular remodeling and fibrosis&#46; The actions of ADM thus have a cardioprotective effect&#46; Due to its in vitro instability&#44; ADM levels cannot be measured directly&#44; but cleavage of pro-ADM also produces mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#44; a stable fragment that is easily measured and whose concentrations reflect those of ADM&#46; ADM&#58; adrenomedullin&#59; MR-proADM&#58; mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schematic representation of the interleukin-33 &#40;IL-33&#41;&#47;ST2 pathway&#46; IL-33 exerts its biological actions when it binds to the ST2L isoform&#46; In situations of myocardial stress&#44; the IL-33&#47;ST2L interaction appears to have a cardioprotective effect&#46; Soluble ST2 acts as a decoy receptor&#44; preventing the beneficial effects of IL-33&#47;ST2L signaling&#46; IL-33&#58; interleukin-33&#59; sST2&#58; soluble ST2&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AUC&#58; area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic analysis&#59; BNP&#58; B-type natriuretic peptide&#59; ED&#58; emergency department&#59; MR-proADM&#58; mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin&#59; NT-proBNP&#58; N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Setting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary endpoint&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main conclusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maisel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1641&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR-proADM had an AUC of 0&#46;67&#44; which was marginally superior to BNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;61&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;AUC 0&#46;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peacock et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1641&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">With an AUC of 0&#46;72&#44; MR-proADM was superior to both BNP &#40;0&#46;48&#41; and NT-proBNP &#40;0&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Travaglino et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30- and 90-day mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR-proADM values at admission and at 72 hours significantly predicted 30-day mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#41; and 90-day mortality &#40;p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies assessing the prognostic value of MR-proADM in acute heart failure&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A greater decrease in ST2 levels two weeks after discharge associated with better outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure&#58; The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41;&#46; Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association &#40;HFA&#41; of the ESC"
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ISSN: 21742049
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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