Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated electrograms in atrial fibrillation using a novel computational analysis | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

array:22 ["pii" => "S2174204917300867" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.04.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "985" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:233-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2253 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 184 "HTML" => 1700 "PDF" => 369 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2174204917300879" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2016.09.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "963" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:239-46" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2282 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 174 "HTML" => 1798 "PDF" => 310 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "The importance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "239" "paginaFinal" => "246" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A importância da relação neutrófilos/linfócitos em doentes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2529 "Ancho" => 3461 "Tamanyo" => 484427 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and (a) fragmented QRS, (b) ejection fraction, (c) ventricular tachycardia, (d) predicted five-year risk of sudden cardiac death, (e) corrected QT, and (f) presyncope in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. fQRS: fragmented QRS; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; QTc: corrected QT interval; SCD: sudden cardiac death; VT: ventricular tachycardia." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Sinem Ozyilmaz, Ozgur Akgul, Huseyin Uyarel, Hamdi Pusuroglu, Mehmet Gul, Muhammet Hulusi Satilmisoglu, Ismail Bolat, Isa Ozyilmaz, Hakan Uçar, Aydin Yildirim, Ihsan Bakir" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sinem" "apellidos" => "Ozyilmaz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ozgur" "apellidos" => "Akgul" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Huseyin" "apellidos" => "Uyarel" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hamdi" "apellidos" => "Pusuroglu" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet" "apellidos" => "Gul" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Muhammet Hulusi" "apellidos" => "Satilmisoglu" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ismail" "apellidos" => "Bolat" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isa" "apellidos" => "Ozyilmaz" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hakan" "apellidos" => "Uçar" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aydin" "apellidos" => "Yildirim" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ihsan" "apellidos" => "Bakir" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917300879?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000004/v1_201704230025/S2174204917300879/v1_201704230025/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated electrograms in atrial fibrillation using a novel computational analysis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "233" "paginaFinal" => "238" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Pedro Adragão, Pedro Carmo, Diogo Cavaco, João Carmo, António Ferreira, Francisco Moscoso Costa, Maria Salomé Carvalho, João Mesquita, Rita Quaresma, Francisco Belo Morgado, Miguel Mendes" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Pedro" "apellidos" => "Adragão" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "padragao@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pedro" "apellidos" => "Carmo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diogo" "apellidos" => "Cavaco" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Carmo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "António" "apellidos" => "Ferreira" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Moscoso Costa" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Salomé" "apellidos" => "Carvalho" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Mesquita" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rita" "apellidos" => "Quaresma" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Belo Morgado" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel" "apellidos" => "Mendes" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Santa Cruz Hospital, CHLO, Carnaxide, Portugal" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Relação entre rotores e eletrogramas complexos fracionados na fibrilhação auricular utilizando uma análise computacional inovadora" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1506 "Ancho" => 2675 "Tamanyo" => 211369 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Left: rotor recording with the FIRM system; right: posteroanterior view of the left atrium with CARTO mapping showing rotors (blue and pink circles) over a stable complex fractionated atrial electrogram (red area). CFAE: complex fractionated atrial electrogram; LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV: left superior pulmonary vein; RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. However, in patients with non-paroxysmal AF and/or significant left atrial dilatation, results are often suboptimal and the best treatment strategy remains uncertain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">1</a>In order to achieve lasting elimination of AF, many centers have suggested additional substrate ablation, particularly additional linear lesions or ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">2,3</a> This approach has been questioned in a recent trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">4</a> but the failure of CFAE ablation to improve outcomes may in part be due to the shortcomings of current mapping algorithms, including limited temporal and spatial sampling.Several studies have also reported the presence of focal rotors near or distant from pulmonary vein isolation sites. There is some evidence that ablation of this substrate could likewise increase AF-free survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">5</a> Although rotors and CFAEs have been suggested as possible therapeutic targets, their relationship and importance in the maintenance of AF remain to be established. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between focal rotors and CFAEs in patients with AF, using a new four-dimensional (4D) electroanatomical mapping method to identify stable CFAEs.MethodsPopulationEighteen consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation using the FIRM (Abbott, Menlo Park, CA) and CARTO (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) electroanatomic mapping systems were included (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). Patients with severe valvular disease, mechanical prostheses or contraindication for anticoagulation were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Board of Directors of CHLO. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all patients.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Electrophysiology procedureBefore the procedure, patients underwent computed tomographic imaging or transesophageal echocardiography to exclude left atrial thrombus. Conscious sedation was used in all patients. Vascular access was obtained via the femoral veins with two SL1 sheaths (St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN) and a decapolar catheter within the coronary sinus. Transseptal puncture was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and intravenous heparin was infused to maintain activated clotting time >350 s. An anatomical map of the right atrium, left atrium and pulmonary veins was created using the CARTO system (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) with a circular mapping catheter (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA). A 64-pole basket catheter (FIRMap® Catheter, Abbott, Menlo Park, CA) was advanced through an 8.5 mm SL1 sheath and deployed first in the right atrium and then in the left atrium.In patients in sinus rhythm, AF was induced by pacing the atria at a cycle length of 500 ms reduced in 50 ms steps to 300 ms, and then in 10 ms steps.Computational AF maps were generated using the FIRM system (Abbott, Menlo Park, CA) and electrical rotors, defined as sequential clockwise or counterclockwise activation contours around a center of rotation, were detected and confirmed by visual inspection.Radiofrequency energy was delivered using a 3.5 mm irrigated-tip catheter (THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH SF, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) in the areas indicated by FIRM maps to represent the center of rotation activity. PVI was then performed, consisting of wide area circumferential ablation to isolate both veins, and isolation was confirmed using a circular mapping catheter (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA).AlgorithmThe FIRM and CARTO systems were used with dynamic overlapping of frames obtained from continuous 30-s records. Rotors were defined as previously reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">5</a> and their presence was quantified and localized with the FIRM system in both atria. The CFAE map was obtained offline using automated software from the CARTO system.CFAEs were calculated by dynamic overlaid mapping using a special algorithm. This algorithm processed ECG recordings divided into 500-ms segments in which each sequence of five segments was considered as a frame (so there was a four-segment overlap between any two consecutive frames). The number of fractionated intervals was calculated for each frame. The dynamic output was the number of fractionated intervals per frame per channel.The stability of CFAEs was assessed and classified as stable (grade 3) if present in more than 15 frames, moderately stable (grade 2) if present in 10-15 frames and unstable (Grade 1) if present in 5-9 frames.Statistical analysisContinuous data are represented as medians and interquartile range. Related groups were compared with the Wilcoxon test and summarized with medians and quartiles. Nominal values are expressed as n (%) and compared with chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test for comparisons when the expected cell frequency was <5. A two-sided p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant throughout.ResultsThe clinical characteristics of the 18 patients included are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. There were no serious complications related to the AF ablation procedure.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>)A total of 44 rotors were identified, with a mean of 2.6±1.4 rotors per patient. Thirty rotors were identified in the left atrium and 14 were identified in the right atrium. The location of rotors in both atria is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>A total of 60 CFAEs (39 CFAE grade 3) were identified, with a mean of 3.6±1.6 CFAEs per patient (mean number of grade 3 CFAEs: 2.2±1.5). Twenty-eight stable CFAEs were identified in the left atrium and 11 stable CFAEs were identified in the right atrium. The location of stable CFAEs in both atria is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrogramsThe median difference between the number of rotors and the number of CFAEs per patient was -1.0 (-2.0 to 0). The median difference between the number of rotors and the number of stable CFAEs per patient was 0 (-1.0 to 1.3). This difference was significantly smaller for rotors and stable CFAEs compared to rotors and CFAEs overall (p=0.001).In 20 of 39 stable CFAEs, a rotor was found in the same location (51%), while in 27 of the 44 rotors identified, CFAEs were also present in the same segment (61%). The majority of CFAEs found at the same location as a focal rotor were stable (63% vs. 37%, p=0.001).DiscussionTwenty years after the first pulmonary vein isolation procedure,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">6</a> the underlying mechanisms of AF maintenance remain essentially unknown, and the best ablation strategy remains to be determined. A recent trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">4</a> showed that the two add-on strategies (linear and CFAE ablation) did not increase the success rate of pulmonary vein isolation. Our inability to fully understand the mechanisms of AF persistence and to increase the success rates of PVI may be related to inconsistent analysis of electrical activity in AF. Unlike other regular arrhythmias, AF cannot be mapped using a point-by-point strategy with a few ms of recording. A prolonged three-dimensional (3D) atrial mapping record is probably necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of AF. To achieve these 4D maps (3D plus time), we adopted the CARTO electroanatomical system and recorded electrical activity with a basket catheter. This catheter is far from ideal due to heterogeneous contact, distortion and reduced steerability, but it does improve the quality of atrial maps compared to traditional catheters (point-by-point) or circular catheters (with limited atrial coverage).CFAE ablation described by Nademanee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">2</a> appeared to be effective in treating paroxysmal and persistent AF, but these results were not reproducible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">4</a> Several factors may account for this failure, including different levels of experience and the lack of specificity and sensitivity of the electrogram recordings and mapping algorithms. Real CFAEs are sometimes difficult to differentiate from unstable electrical activity and far-field artifacts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">7</a> We conceived the possibility of making prolonged records (>30 s) to detect repetitive complex electrograms and enable assessment of CFAE stability.When studied in this way, only 65% of the CFAEs were shown to be stable according to our criteria. The determinants of CFAE stability are unknown, but we can hypothesize that more stable CFAEs could be a source for AF instead of far-field effects or transient fibrillatory activity.We used the FIRM system to identify the presence of rotors that were anatomically located in the 3D atrial maps performed with CARTO. Rotors and CFAEs were frequently found in the same location within the atria. The spatial concordance between rotors and CFAEs was greater when only stable CFAEs were considered. The anatomical proximity between the two phenomena may signify that they are different manifestations of the same electrophysiological substrate, pinpointing zones of particular importance in the maintenance of AF. Still, a significant number of CFAEs and rotors are unrelated to each other, suggesting that they may be independent and/or that unstable CFAEs may be the result of far-field effects and that some rotors may be identified as such solely on the basis of subjective assessment of visual observation. Our results appear to contradict previous studies that were unable to show an anatomical relationship between rotors and CFAEs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">8–10</a> This discrepancy could be explained by the novel method we used to identify stable CFAEs, for which prolonged periods of detection may be necessary.Finally, if confirmed, these findings and mapping methods may improve our understanding of the underlying substrate of AF and assist physicians in the identification of appropriate ablation targets to improve clinical results.Study limitationsSeveral limitations of this exploratory proof-of-concept study should be acknowledged. The small sample size precludes generalization to the overall population of patients with AF and makes subgroup analysis impracticable. The classification of CFAE stability was largely arbitrary and their relationship with rotors may have been impacted by the inherent subjectivity in the identification of the latter. Further studies will be required to confirm these findings and to assess the clinical impact of ablating substrate targets identified by this new mapping method.ConclusionRotors and CFAEs are frequently found in the same location within the atria. The spatial concordance between rotors and CFAEs is greater when only stable CFAEs are considered. This relationship may have implications in the selection of appropriate substrate targets for ablation.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres831908" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827748" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres831907" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusões" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827747" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Electrophysiology procedure" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Algorithm" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (Table 2)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Study limitations" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-02-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-03-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827748" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Atrial fibrillation" 1 => "Catheter ablation" 2 => "Rotors" 3 => "Complex fractionated atrial electrograms" 4 => "Stable complex fractionated atrial electrograms" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827747" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fibrilhação auricular" 1 => "Ablação por cateter" 2 => "Rotores" 3 => "Eletrogramas potenciais complexos fraccionados" 4 => "Eletrogramas potenciais complexos fraccionados estáveis" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionRotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) have been suggested as possible therapeutic targets in ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between rotors and CFAEs in patients with AF. MethodsWe studied 18 patients with AF (mean age 69±8 years, 33% female) who underwent rotor ablation and pulmonary vein isolation. Endocardial mapping was performed with a basket catheter to identify the presence, number and location of rotors and CFAEs. The FIRM™ (Abbott) and CARTO™ (Biosense) systems were used with overlapping of frames from continuous 30-s recordings. CFAEs were classified as stable if present in >15 frames, moderately stable if present in 10-15 frames and unstable if present in 5-9 frames. ResultsA total of 44 rotors and 60 CFAEs (39 of them stable) were identified. The mean number of rotors and stable CFAEs per patient was 2.6±1.4 and 2.2±1.5, respectively. In 27 of the 44 identified rotors, CFAEs were found in the same location. Conversely, in 20 of the 39 stable CFAEs identified, a focal rotor was found in the same location. The majority of CFAEs found at the same location as a focal rotor were stable (63% vs. 37%, p=0.001). ConclusionRotors and CFAEs are frequently found in the same location within the atria, particularly when only stable CFAEs are considered. This relationship may have implications in the selection of substrate targets for ablation." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "IntroduçãoOs rotores e potenciais complexos fracionados (CFAE) têm sido apontados como possíveis alvos terapêuticos na ablação de fibrilhação auricular (FA). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre CFAE e rotores em doentes com FA. MétodosForam estudados 18 doentes com FA (idade média 69±8, 33% mulheres) submetidos a ablação de rotores e isolamento das veias pulmonares. Efetuou-se mapeamento endocárdico com cateter basket para identificação da presença, número e localização de rotores e CFAEs. Foram utilizados os sistemas FIRM (Abbott) e CARTO (Biosense) com sobreposição de frames obtidos a partir de registos contínuos de 30 segundos. Os CFAEs foram classificados em estáveis se presentes em>15 frames, moderadamente estáveis se presentes em 10-15 frames e pouco estáveis se presentes em 5-9 frames. ResultadosForam identificados 44 rotores e 60 CFAEs, dos quais 39 eram CFAE estáveis. O número médio de rotores e CFAE estáveis por doente foi de 2,6±1,4 e 2,2±1,5, respetivamente. Em 27 dos 44 rotores identificados, encontraram-se CFAEs na mesma localização. Por outro lado, em 20 dos 39 CFAE estáveis identificados, foi encontrado um rotor na mesma localização. A maioria dos CFAEs encontrados na mesma localização dos rotores eram CFAE estáveis (63% versus 37%, p=0.001). ConclusõesOs rotors e CFAEs são frequentemente encontrados na mesma localização a nível auricular, especialmente se apenas se considerarem os CFAEs estáveis. Esta relação poderá vir a ter implicações na seleção do substrato arritmogénico passível de ablação." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusões" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1506 "Ancho" => 2675 "Tamanyo" => 211369 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Left: rotor recording with the FIRM system; right: posteroanterior view of the left atrium with CARTO mapping showing rotors (blue and pink circles) over a stable complex fractionated atrial electrogram (red area). 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"tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n=18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69 (64-72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (67%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (83%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 (72%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (17%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Known CAD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (11%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Persistent AF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (44%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LAVI (ml/m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">2</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 (37-62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Procedure duration (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">251 (214-287) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fluoroscopy time (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (11-18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1400657.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Median (interquartile range 25-75)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Patient characteristics and procedure data." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CFAEs: complex fractionated atrial electrograms." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean/patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rotors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">All CFAEs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stable CFAEs (grade 3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.2±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1400658.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms: number and mean per patient." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "2016;18:1609-78" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. 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Original Article

Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated electrograms in atrial fibrillation using a novel computational analysis

Relação entre rotores e eletrogramas complexos fracionados na fibrilhação auricular utilizando uma análise computacional inovadora

Pedro Adragão

Corresponding author

padragao@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Pedro Carmo, Diogo Cavaco, João Carmo, António Ferreira, Francisco Moscoso Costa, Maria Salomé Carvalho, João Mesquita, Rita Quaresma, Francisco Belo Morgado, Miguel Mendes

Department of Cardiology, Santa Cruz Hospital, CHLO, Carnaxide, Portugal

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    "titulo" => "Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated electrograms in atrial fibrillation using a novel computational analysis"
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        "titulo" => "Rela&#231;&#227;o entre rotores e eletrogramas complexos fracionados na fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular utilizando uma an&#225;lise computacional inovadora"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Left&#58; rotor recording with the FIRM system&#59; right&#58; posteroanterior view of the left atrium with CARTO mapping showing rotors &#40;blue and pink circles&#41; over a stable complex fractionated atrial electrogram &#40;red area&#41;&#46; CFAE&#58; complex fractionated atrial electrogram&#59; LIPV&#58; left inferior pulmonary vein&#59; LSPV&#58; left superior pulmonary vein&#59; RIPV&#58; right inferior pulmonary vein&#59; RSPV&#58; right superior pulmonary vein&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary vein isolation &#40;PVI&#41; is the cornerstone therapy for atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; ablation&#46; However&#44; in patients with non-paroxysmal AF and&#47;or significant left atrial dilatation&#44; results are often suboptimal and the best treatment strategy remains uncertain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to achieve lasting elimination of AF&#44; many centers have suggested additional substrate ablation&#44; particularly additional linear lesions or ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms &#40;CFAEs&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> This approach has been questioned in a recent trial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but the failure of CFAE ablation to improve outcomes may in part be due to the shortcomings of current mapping algorithms&#44; including limited temporal and spatial sampling&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have also reported the presence of focal rotors near or distant from pulmonary vein isolation sites&#46; There is some evidence that ablation of this substrate could likewise increase AF-free survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although rotors and CFAEs have been suggested as possible therapeutic targets&#44; their relationship and importance in the maintenance of AF remain to be established&#46; The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between focal rotors and CFAEs in patients with AF&#44; using a new four-dimensional &#40;4D&#41; electroanatomical mapping method to identify stable CFAEs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Population</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighteen consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation using the FIRM &#40;Abbott&#44; Menlo Park&#44; CA&#41; and CARTO &#40;Biosense Webster&#44; Diamond Bar&#44; CA&#41; electroanatomic mapping systems were included &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patients with severe valvular disease&#44; mechanical prostheses or contraindication for anticoagulation were excluded&#46; The study protocol was approved by the Board of Directors of CHLO&#46; Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Electrophysiology procedure</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the procedure&#44; patients underwent computed tomographic imaging or transesophageal echocardiography to exclude left atrial thrombus&#46; Conscious sedation was used in all patients&#46; Vascular access was obtained via the femoral veins with two SL1 sheaths &#40;St&#46; Jude Medical&#44; Minneapolis&#44; MN&#41; and a decapolar catheter within the coronary sinus&#46; Transseptal puncture was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and intravenous heparin was infused to maintain activated clotting time &#62;350 s&#46; An anatomical map of the right atrium&#44; left atrium and pulmonary veins was created using the CARTO system &#40;Biosense Webster&#44; Diamond Bar&#44; CA&#41; with a circular mapping catheter &#40;Lasso&#44; Biosense Webster&#44; Diamond Bar&#44; CA&#41;&#46; A 64-pole basket catheter &#40;FIRMap<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Catheter&#44; Abbott&#44; Menlo Park&#44; CA&#41; was advanced through an 8&#46;5 mm SL1 sheath and deployed first in the right atrium and then in the left atrium&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients in sinus rhythm&#44; AF was induced by pacing the atria at a cycle length of 500 ms reduced in 50 ms steps to 300 ms&#44; and then in 10 ms steps&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computational AF maps were generated using the FIRM system &#40;Abbott&#44; Menlo Park&#44; CA&#41; and electrical rotors&#44; defined as sequential clockwise or counterclockwise activation contours around a center of rotation&#44; were detected and confirmed by visual inspection&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiofrequency energy was delivered using a 3&#46;5 mm irrigated-tip catheter &#40;THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH SF&#44; Biosense Webster&#44; Diamond Bar&#44; CA&#41; in the areas indicated by FIRM maps to represent the center of rotation activity&#46; PVI was then performed&#44; consisting of wide area circumferential ablation to isolate both veins&#44; and isolation was confirmed using a circular mapping catheter &#40;Lasso&#44; Biosense Webster&#44; Diamond Bar&#44; CA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Algorithm</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FIRM and CARTO systems were used with dynamic overlapping of frames obtained from continuous 30-s records&#46; Rotors were defined as previously reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and their presence was quantified and localized with the FIRM system in both atria&#46; The CFAE map was obtained offline using automated software from the CARTO system&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CFAEs were calculated by dynamic overlaid mapping using a special algorithm&#46; This algorithm processed ECG recordings divided into 500-ms segments in which each sequence of five segments was considered as a frame &#40;so there was a four-segment overlap between any two consecutive frames&#41;&#46; The number of fractionated intervals was calculated for each frame&#46; The dynamic output was the number of fractionated intervals per frame per channel&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stability of CFAEs was assessed and classified as stable &#40;grade 3&#41; if present in more than 15 frames&#44; moderately stable &#40;grade 2&#41; if present in 10-15 frames and unstable &#40;Grade 1&#41; if present in 5-9 frames&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous data are represented as medians and interquartile range&#46; Related groups were compared with the Wilcoxon test and summarized with medians and quartiles&#46; Nominal values are expressed as n &#40;&#37;&#41; and compared with chi-square tests or Fisher&#39;s exact test for comparisons when the expected cell frequency was &#60;5&#46; A two-sided p value of &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant throughout&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical characteristics of the 18 patients included are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; There were no serious complications related to the AF ablation procedure&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 44 rotors were identified&#44; with a mean of 2&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4 rotors per patient&#46; Thirty rotors were identified in the left atrium and 14 were identified in the right atrium&#46; The location of rotors in both atria is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 60 CFAEs &#40;39 CFAE grade 3&#41; were identified&#44; with a mean of 3&#46;6&#177;1&#46;6 CFAEs per patient &#40;mean number of grade 3 CFAEs&#58; 2&#46;2&#177;1&#46;5&#41;&#46; Twenty-eight stable CFAEs were identified in the left atrium and 11 stable CFAEs were identified in the right atrium&#46; The location of stable CFAEs in both atria is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Relationship between rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median difference between the number of rotors and the number of CFAEs per patient was -1&#46;0 &#40;-2&#46;0 to 0&#41;&#46; The median difference between the number of rotors and the number of stable CFAEs per patient was 0 &#40;-1&#46;0 to 1&#46;3&#41;&#46; This difference was significantly smaller for rotors and stable CFAEs compared to rotors and CFAEs overall &#40;p&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 20 of 39 stable CFAEs&#44; a rotor was found in the same location &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#44; while in 27 of the 44 rotors identified&#44; CFAEs were also present in the same segment &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#46; The majority of CFAEs found at the same location as a focal rotor were stable &#40;63&#37; vs&#46; 37&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty years after the first pulmonary vein isolation procedure&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> the underlying mechanisms of AF maintenance remain essentially unknown&#44; and the best ablation strategy remains to be determined&#46; A recent trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> showed that the two add-on strategies &#40;linear and CFAE ablation&#41; did not increase the success rate of pulmonary vein isolation&#46; Our inability to fully understand the mechanisms of AF persistence and to increase the success rates of PVI may be related to inconsistent analysis of electrical activity in AF&#46; Unlike other regular arrhythmias&#44; AF cannot be mapped using a point-by-point strategy with a few ms of recording&#46; A prolonged three-dimensional &#40;3D&#41; atrial mapping record is probably necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of AF&#46; To achieve these 4D maps &#40;3D plus time&#41;&#44; we adopted the CARTO electroanatomical system and recorded electrical activity with a basket catheter&#46; This catheter is far from ideal due to heterogeneous contact&#44; distortion and reduced steerability&#44; but it does improve the quality of atrial maps compared to traditional catheters &#40;point-by-point&#41; or circular catheters &#40;with limited atrial coverage&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CFAE ablation described by Nademanee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> appeared to be effective in treating paroxysmal and persistent AF&#44; but these results were not reproducible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Several factors may account for this failure&#44; including different levels of experience and the lack of specificity and sensitivity of the electrogram recordings and mapping algorithms&#46; Real CFAEs are sometimes difficult to differentiate from unstable electrical activity and far-field artifacts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> We conceived the possibility of making prolonged records &#40;&#62;30 s&#41; to detect repetitive complex electrograms and enable assessment of CFAE stability&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When studied in this way&#44; only 65&#37; of the CFAEs were shown to be stable according to our criteria&#46; The determinants of CFAE stability are unknown&#44; but we can hypothesize that more stable CFAEs could be a source for AF instead of far-field effects or transient fibrillatory activity&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the FIRM system to identify the presence of rotors that were anatomically located in the 3D atrial maps performed with CARTO&#46; Rotors and CFAEs were frequently found in the same location within the atria&#46; The spatial concordance between rotors and CFAEs was greater when only stable CFAEs were considered&#46; The anatomical proximity between the two phenomena may signify that they are different manifestations of the same electrophysiological substrate&#44; pinpointing zones of particular importance in the maintenance of AF&#46; Still&#44; a significant number of CFAEs and rotors are unrelated to each other&#44; suggesting that they may be independent and&#47;or that unstable CFAEs may be the result of far-field effects and that some rotors may be identified as such solely on the basis of subjective assessment of visual observation&#46; Our results appear to contradict previous studies that were unable to show an anatomical relationship between rotors and CFAEs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> This discrepancy could be explained by the novel method we used to identify stable CFAEs&#44; for which prolonged periods of detection may be necessary&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; if confirmed&#44; these findings and mapping methods may improve our understanding of the underlying substrate of AF and assist physicians in the identification of appropriate ablation targets to improve clinical results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Study limitations</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several limitations of this exploratory proof-of-concept study should be acknowledged&#46; The small sample size precludes generalization to the overall population of patients with AF and makes subgroup analysis impracticable&#46; The classification of CFAE stability was largely arbitrary and their relationship with rotors may have been impacted by the inherent subjectivity in the identification of the latter&#46; Further studies will be required to confirm these findings and to assess the clinical impact of ablating substrate targets identified by this new mapping method&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rotors and CFAEs are frequently found in the same location within the atria&#46; The spatial concordance between rotors and CFAEs is greater when only stable CFAEs are considered&#46; This relationship may have implications in the selection of appropriate substrate targets for ablation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-02-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-03-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827748"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Atrial fibrillation"
            1 => "Catheter ablation"
            2 => "Rotors"
            3 => "Complex fractionated atrial electrograms"
            4 => "Stable complex fractionated atrial electrograms"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec827747"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular"
            1 => "Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter"
            2 => "Rotores"
            3 => "Eletrogramas potenciais complexos fraccionados"
            4 => "Eletrogramas potenciais complexos fraccionados est&#225;veis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms &#40;CFAEs&#41; have been suggested as possible therapeutic targets in ablation of atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41;&#46; The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between rotors and CFAEs in patients with AF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 18 patients with AF &#40;mean age 69&#177;8 years&#44; 33&#37; female&#41; who underwent rotor ablation and pulmonary vein isolation&#46; Endocardial mapping was performed with a basket catheter to identify the presence&#44; number and location of rotors and CFAEs&#46; The FIRM&#8482; &#40;Abbott&#41; and CARTO&#8482; &#40;Biosense&#41; systems were used with overlapping of frames from continuous 30-s recordings&#46; CFAEs were classified as stable if present in &#62;15 frames&#44; moderately stable if present in 10-15 frames and unstable if present in 5-9 frames&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 44 rotors and 60 CFAEs &#40;39 of them stable&#41; were identified&#46; The mean number of rotors and stable CFAEs per patient was 2&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4 and 2&#46;2&#177;1&#46;5&#44; respectively&#46; In 27 of the 44 identified rotors&#44; CFAEs were found in the same location&#46; Conversely&#44; in 20 of the 39 stable CFAEs identified&#44; a focal rotor was found in the same location&#46; The majority of CFAEs found at the same location as a focal rotor were stable &#40;63&#37; vs&#46; 37&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rotors and CFAEs are frequently found in the same location within the atria&#44; particularly when only stable CFAEs are considered&#46; This relationship may have implications in the selection of substrate targets for ablation&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os rotores e potenciais complexos fracionados &#40;CFAE&#41; t&#234;m sido apontados como poss&#237;veis alvos terap&#234;uticos na abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular &#40;FA&#41;&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre CFAE e rotores em doentes com FA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram estudados 18 doentes com FA &#40;idade m&#233;dia 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44; 33&#37; mulheres&#41; submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de rotores e isolamento das veias pulmonares&#46; Efetuou-se mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico com cateter <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">basket</span> para identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a&#44; n&#250;mero e localiza&#231;&#227;o de rotores e CFAEs&#46; Foram utilizados os sistemas FIRM &#40;Abbott&#41; e CARTO &#40;Biosense&#41; com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frames</span> obtidos a partir de registos cont&#237;nuos de 30 segundos&#46; Os CFAEs foram classificados em est&#225;veis se presentes em<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 frames&#44; moderadamente est&#225;veis se presentes em 10-15 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frames</span> e pouco est&#225;veis se presentes em 5-9 frames&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram identificados 44 rotores e 60 CFAEs&#44; dos quais 39 eram CFAE est&#225;veis&#46; O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de rotores e CFAE est&#225;veis por doente foi de 2&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4 e 2&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#44; respetivamente&#46; Em 27 dos 44 rotores identificados&#44; encontraram-se CFAEs na mesma localiza&#231;&#227;o&#46; Por outro lado&#44; em 20 dos 39 CFAE est&#225;veis identificados&#44; foi encontrado um rotor na mesma localiza&#231;&#227;o&#46; A maioria dos CFAEs encontrados na mesma localiza&#231;&#227;o dos rotores eram CFAE est&#225;veis &#40;63&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 37&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os rotors e CFAEs s&#227;o frequentemente encontrados na mesma localiza&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel auricular&#44; especialmente se apenas se considerarem os CFAEs est&#225;veis&#46; Esta rela&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; vir a ter implica&#231;&#245;es na sele&#231;&#227;o do substrato arritmog&#233;nico pass&#237;vel de abla&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Left&#58; rotor recording with the FIRM system&#59; right&#58; posteroanterior view of the left atrium with CARTO mapping showing rotors &#40;blue and pink circles&#41; over a stable complex fractionated atrial electrogram &#40;red area&#41;&#46; CFAE&#58; complex fractionated atrial electrogram&#59; LIPV&#58; left inferior pulmonary vein&#59; LSPV&#58; left superior pulmonary vein&#59; RIPV&#58; right inferior pulmonary vein&#59; RSPV&#58; right superior pulmonary vein&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of stable complex fractionated atrial electrograms in both atria&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AF&#58; atrial fibrillation&#59; CAD&#58; coronary artery disease&#59; LAVI&#58; left atrial volume index&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#61;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;64-72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;67&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;83&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;17&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Known CAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Persistent AF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;44&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LAVI &#40;ml&#47;m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;37-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Procedure duration &#40;min&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">251 &#40;214-287&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fluoroscopy time &#40;min&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;11-18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Median &#40;interquartile range 25-75&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient characteristics and procedure data&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CFAEs&#58; complex fractionated atrial electrograms&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&#47;patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rotors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">All CFAEs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stable CFAEs &#40;grade 3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;2&#177;1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms&#58; number and mean per patient&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "2016&#59;18&#58;1609-78"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Kirchhof"
                            1 => "S&#46; Benussi"
                            2 => "D&#46; Kotecha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/europace/euw295"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Europace"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1609"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1678"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567465"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation&#58; mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Nademanee"
                            1 => "J&#46; McKenzie"
                            2 => "E&#46; Kosar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.054"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2044"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2053"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172410"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation&#58; critical structures for termination"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Ha&#239;ssaguerre"
                            1 => "P&#46; Sanders"
                            2 => "M&#46; Hocini"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00307.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1125"
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Article information

ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.repce.2017.04.002

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	4	4	8
2024 October	27	22	49
2024 September	46	20	66
2024 August	37	30	67
2024 July	26	25	51
2024 June	30	16	46
2024 May	29	20	49
2024 April	29	22	51
2024 March	30	27	57
2024 February	31	44	75
2024 January	16	44	60
2023 December	26	22	48
2023 November	25	15	40
2023 October	24	13	37
2023 September	18	23	41
2023 August	27	16	43
2023 July	25	11	36
2023 June	23	15	38
2023 May	39	23	62
2023 April	24	8	32
2023 March	25	20	45
2023 February	34	22	56
2023 January	16	10	26
2022 December	49	17	66
2022 November	35	25	60
2022 October	25	22	47
2022 September	22	32	54
2022 August	37	24	61
2022 July	28	27	55
2022 June	28	18	46
2022 May	34	29	63
2022 April	49	27	76
2022 March	33	41	74
2022 February	47	39	86
2022 January	40	22	62
2021 December	26	31	57
2021 November	37	41	78
2021 October	28	41	69
2021 September	34	35	69
2021 August	37	35	72
2021 July	29	16	45
2021 June	34	19	53
2021 May	37	37	74
2021 April	79	32	111
2021 March	71	19	90
2021 February	61	25	86
2021 January	40	12	52
2020 December	53	13	66
2020 November	42	19	61
2020 October	31	9	40
2020 September	60	11	71
2020 August	19	9	28
2020 July	54	14	68
2020 June	35	7	42
2020 May	48	8	56
2020 April	40	16	56
2020 March	33	14	47
2020 February	86	21	107
2020 January	32	6	38
2019 December	19	7	26
2019 November	38	11	49
2019 October	41	7	48
2019 September	23	28	51
2019 August	30	7	37
2019 July	47	11	58
2019 June	23	12	35
2019 May	44	17	61
2019 April	30	24	54
2019 March	101	7	108
2019 February	100	8	108
2019 January	95	6	101
2018 December	77	11	88
2018 November	100	7	107
2018 October	164	17	181
2018 September	35	15	50
2018 August	17	3	20
2018 July	13	4	17
2018 June	34	4	38
2018 May	36	10	46
2018 April	37	5	42
2018 March	70	6	76
2018 February	41	6	47
2018 January	59	2	61
2017 December	91	11	102
2017 November	31	10	41
2017 October	26	14	40
2017 September	10	12	22
2017 August	30	13	43
2017 July	17	6	23
2017 June	36	9	45
2017 May	70	29	99
2017 April	8	4	12

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