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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58;</span> Elevated blood pressure and elevated low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease&#46; Lowering both should reduce the risk of cardiovascular events substantially&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> In a trial with 2&#8208;by&#8208;2 factorial design&#44; we randomly assigned 12&#44;705 participants at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease to rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo and to candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; plus hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo&#46; In the analyses reported here&#44; we compared the 3180 participants assigned to combined therapy &#40;with rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents&#41; with the 3168 participants assigned to dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes&#44; nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; or nonfatal stroke&#44; and the second coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure&#44; cardiac arrest&#44; or revascularization&#46; The median follow&#8208;up was 5&#46;6 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per deciliter &#40;0&#46;87 mmol per liter&#41; greater in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the combined&#8208;therapy group and in 157 &#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41; in the dual&#8208;placebo group &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;71&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#93;&#44; 0&#46;56 to 0&#46;90&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46; The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 187 participants &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;72&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;57 to 0&#46;89&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Muscle weakness and dizziness were more common in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; but the overall rate of discontinuation of the trial regimen was similar in the two groups&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> The combination of rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; and hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; was associated with a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular events than dual placebo among persons at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease&#46; &#40;Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca&#59; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov number&#44; NCT00468923&#46;&#41;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; hoje aceite sem reservas pela comunidade cient&#237;fica que a redu&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do colesterol &#40;low&#8208;density lipoprotein&#41; LDL &#40;C&#8208;LDL&#41; e da press&#227;o arterial &#40;PA&#41; diminui a probabilidade de sofrer um evento cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; no futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; at&#233; &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo HOPE&#8208;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#44; n&#227;o era claro se o in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica deveria ser desencadeado por um determinado valor de C&#8208;LDL ou de PA ou&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; por uma estimativa individualizada do risco CV &#40;RCV&#41;&#44; nomeadamente em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio e sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a CV &#40;DCV&#41; estabelecida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com apenas um desenho experimental&#44; Salim Yusuf et al&#46; testaram duas hip&#243;teses&#58; uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">terap&#234;utica</span> &#8211; se tratamentos dirigidos &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e do C&#8208;LDL&#44; isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o&#44; reduziriam os eventos CV em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio&#44; independentemente dos valores basais dos fatores de risco&#59; e outra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">conceptual</span> &#8211; se o conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#44; implicando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina e de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores num ambiente de recursos m&#233;dicos limitados&#44; seria segura e eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para responder a estas quest&#245;es&#44; os autores conduziram um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico&#44; aleatorizado e de dupla oculta&#231;&#227;o&#44; com um desenho fatorial 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Os cerca de 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes foram aleatorizados para um de quatro bra&#231;os&#58; a&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de PA com uma associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de candesartan 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg e hidroclorotiazida 12&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; b&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de C&#8208;LDL com rosuvastatina 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; c&#41; uma combina&#231;&#227;o destas duas interven&#231;&#245;es ou d&#41; duplo placebo&#46; Independentemente dos valores basais de C&#8208;LDL ou PA&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos homens com mais de 55 anos com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular &#40;&#237;ndice cintura&#8208;anca aumentado&#44; fumadores&#44; n&#237;veis baixos de C&#8208;HDL&#44; disglicemia&#44; doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica ou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura&#41; ou mulheres com mais de 60 anos com dois ou mais fatores de risco&#46; Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido utilizado um limiar de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV &#40;ASCVD&#41; para a inclus&#227;o dos doentes no estudo&#44; este foi aproximadamente de 10&#37; a dez anos&#44; dentro do intervalo considerado &#171;risco interm&#233;dio&#187;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os investigadores do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 orgulham&#8208;se de terem seguido durante cerca de seis anos uma coorte verdadeiramente multi&#233;tnica&#44; j&#225; que apenas 20&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos eram caucasianos&#46; Outro dos aspetos a salientar foi o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pragmatismo</span> do desenho do ensaio&#44; no fundo uma tentativa de aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do dia&#8208;a&#8208;dia&#58; minimiza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o&#44; sem necessidade de an&#225;lises laboratoriais de seguimento e limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de visitas de seguimento ao centro de ensaios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados encontram&#8208;se resumidos na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; Os efeitos secund&#225;rios foram na sua maioria ligeiros&#46; De forma relevante&#44; n&#227;o se assistiu a um aumento dos casos de diabetes&#44; hepatite ou de rabdomi&#243;lise nos doentes tratados com estatina&#46; Relativamente &#224; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#44; esta apenas reduziu eventos em doentes com PA acima de 143&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; os doentes sofreram mais tonturas&#44; mas n&#227;o se registou um aumento da s&#237;ncope ou das quedas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 refor&#231;am o conceito j&#225; presente nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58; a abordagem ao doente deve ser baseada no RCV e este deve constituir a base da decis&#227;o para o in&#237;cio &#40;ou n&#227;o&#41; de estatina&#59; o risco interm&#233;dio constitui o limiar para essa decis&#227;o&#44; independentemente dos n&#237;veis de C&#8208;LDL basais&#44; como j&#225; salientado nos estudos JUPITER<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; AFCAPS&#47;TexCAPS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> e MEGA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sabendo&#8208;se que a veicula&#231;&#227;o de not&#237;cias negativas sobre estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> encontra&#8208;se associada a um aumento da mortalidade CV em 18&#37; e da incid&#234;ncia de enfarte em 26&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; e que &#233; vari&#225;vel a propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes que ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da toma de estatinas a reinicia posteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; &#233; fundamental que a comunidade cardiovascular consiga transmitir &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o os ineg&#225;veis benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem cient&#237;fica &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outro dos objetivos do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 foi a an&#225;lise da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance</span> de uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#46; O conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span>&#44; desde h&#225; muito defendido pelo investigador principal do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; baseia&#8208;se na assun&#231;&#227;o de que os ganhos obtidos pela administra&#231;&#227;o conjunta de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos com evid&#234;ncia isolada na preven&#231;&#227;o CV t&#234;m vantagens a n&#237;vel da ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e dos custos de distribui&#231;&#227;o&#44; quando administrada numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de indiv&#237;duos em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar an&#225;lises laboratoriais para selecionar os doentes candidatos &#224; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> nem consultas de seguimento&#44; tornando a terap&#234;utica mais acess&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses com menores recursos econ&#243;micos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma das formas mais eficazes de fazer frente aos crescentes custos em sa&#250;de&#44; ainda n&#227;o tinha sido testada formalmente em contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Tais vantagens compensariam os riscos de dar um f&#225;rmaco a quem dele n&#227;o precisa e de expor uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel a uma interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente arriscada&#46; O HOPE&#8208;3 responde a essas quest&#245;es&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> incluindo dois anti&#8208;hipertensores e uma estatina n&#227;o &#233; 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como os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; poderia ter condicionado resultados diferentes&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como o Dr&#46; Valentin Fuster salientou na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; no ACC&#8217;16&#44; &#171;o futuro da preven&#231;&#227;o passa&#44; sem sombra de d&#250;vida&#44; pela simplicidade&#187;&#46; Numa era de medicina tecnol&#243;gica&#44; em que interven&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade e elevados custos lutam por demonstrar impacto progn&#243;stico&#44; a simples administra&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina com reduzido seguimento dos doentes demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade CV de forma robusta&#44; segura e eficaz&#46; Ser&#225; que estamos prontos para abra&#231;ar um novo conceito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">simpler Medicine</span>&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Salim Yusuf&#44; Eva Lonn&#44; Prem Pais&#44; Jackie Bosch&#44; Patricio L&#243;pez&#8208;Jaramillo&#44; Jun Zhu&#44; Denis Xavier&#44; Alvaro Avezum&#44; Lawrence A&#46; Leiter&#44; Leopoldo S&#46; Piegas&#44; Alexander Parkhomenko&#44; Matyas Keltai&#44; Katalin Keltai&#44; Karen Sliwa&#44; Irina Chazova&#44; Ron J&#46;G&#46; Peters&#44; Claes Held&#44; Khalid Yusoff&#44; Basil S&#46; Lewis&#44; Petr Jansky&#44; Kamlesh Khunti&#44; William D&#46; Toff&#44; Christopher M&#46; Reid&#44; John Varigos&#44; Jose L&#46; Accini&#44; Robert McKelvie&#44; Janice Pogue&#44; Hyejung Jung&#44; Lisheng Liu&#44; Rafael Diaz&#44; Antonio Dans&#44; Gilles Dagenais&#44; for the HOPE&#8208;3 Investigators&#46; N Engl J Med&#46; 2016&#59;374&#58;2032&#8208;2043</p></span>"
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Artigo Recomendado do Mês
Comentário a «Redução da pressão arterial e do colesterol em indivíduos sem doença cardiovascular»
Comment on “Blood‐Pressure and Cholesterol Lowering in Persons without Cardiovascular Disease”
Rui Baptista
Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58;</span> Elevated blood pressure and elevated low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease&#46; Lowering both should reduce the risk of cardiovascular events substantially&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> In a trial with 2&#8208;by&#8208;2 factorial design&#44; we randomly assigned 12&#44;705 participants at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease to rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo and to candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; plus hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo&#46; In the analyses reported here&#44; we compared the 3180 participants assigned to combined therapy &#40;with rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents&#41; with the 3168 participants assigned to dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes&#44; nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; or nonfatal stroke&#44; and the second coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure&#44; cardiac arrest&#44; or revascularization&#46; The median follow&#8208;up was 5&#46;6 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per deciliter &#40;0&#46;87 mmol per liter&#41; greater in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the combined&#8208;therapy group and in 157 &#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41; in the dual&#8208;placebo group &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;71&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#93;&#44; 0&#46;56 to 0&#46;90&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46; The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 187 participants &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;72&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;57 to 0&#46;89&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Muscle weakness and dizziness were more common in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; but the overall rate of discontinuation of the trial regimen was similar in the two groups&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> The combination of rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; and hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; was associated with a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular events than dual placebo among persons at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease&#46; &#40;Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca&#59; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov number&#44; NCT00468923&#46;&#41;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; hoje aceite sem reservas pela comunidade cient&#237;fica que a redu&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do colesterol &#40;low&#8208;density lipoprotein&#41; LDL &#40;C&#8208;LDL&#41; e da press&#227;o arterial &#40;PA&#41; diminui a probabilidade de sofrer um evento cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; no futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; at&#233; &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo HOPE&#8208;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#44; n&#227;o era claro se o in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica deveria ser desencadeado por um determinado valor de C&#8208;LDL ou de PA ou&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; por uma estimativa individualizada do risco CV &#40;RCV&#41;&#44; nomeadamente em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio e sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a CV &#40;DCV&#41; estabelecida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com apenas um desenho experimental&#44; Salim Yusuf et al&#46; testaram duas hip&#243;teses&#58; uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">terap&#234;utica</span> &#8211; se tratamentos dirigidos &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e do C&#8208;LDL&#44; isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o&#44; reduziriam os eventos CV em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio&#44; independentemente dos valores basais dos fatores de risco&#59; e outra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">conceptual</span> &#8211; se o conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#44; implicando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina e de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores num ambiente de recursos m&#233;dicos limitados&#44; seria segura e eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para responder a estas quest&#245;es&#44; os autores conduziram um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico&#44; aleatorizado e de dupla oculta&#231;&#227;o&#44; com um desenho fatorial 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Os cerca de 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes foram aleatorizados para um de quatro bra&#231;os&#58; a&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de PA com uma associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de candesartan 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg e hidroclorotiazida 12&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; b&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de C&#8208;LDL com rosuvastatina 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; c&#41; uma combina&#231;&#227;o destas duas interven&#231;&#245;es ou d&#41; duplo placebo&#46; Independentemente dos valores basais de C&#8208;LDL ou PA&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos homens com mais de 55 anos com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular &#40;&#237;ndice cintura&#8208;anca aumentado&#44; fumadores&#44; n&#237;veis baixos de C&#8208;HDL&#44; disglicemia&#44; doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica ou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura&#41; ou mulheres com mais de 60 anos com dois ou mais fatores de risco&#46; Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido utilizado um limiar de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV &#40;ASCVD&#41; para a inclus&#227;o dos doentes no estudo&#44; este foi aproximadamente de 10&#37; a dez anos&#44; dentro do intervalo considerado &#171;risco interm&#233;dio&#187;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os investigadores do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 orgulham&#8208;se de terem seguido durante cerca de seis anos uma coorte verdadeiramente multi&#233;tnica&#44; j&#225; que apenas 20&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos eram caucasianos&#46; Outro dos aspetos a salientar foi o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pragmatismo</span> do desenho do ensaio&#44; no fundo uma tentativa de aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do dia&#8208;a&#8208;dia&#58; minimiza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o&#44; sem necessidade de an&#225;lises laboratoriais de seguimento e limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de visitas de seguimento ao centro de ensaios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados encontram&#8208;se resumidos na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; Os efeitos secund&#225;rios foram na sua maioria ligeiros&#46; De forma relevante&#44; n&#227;o se assistiu a um aumento dos casos de diabetes&#44; hepatite ou de rabdomi&#243;lise nos doentes tratados com estatina&#46; Relativamente &#224; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#44; esta apenas reduziu eventos em doentes com PA acima de 143&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; os doentes sofreram mais tonturas&#44; mas n&#227;o se registou um aumento da s&#237;ncope ou das quedas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 refor&#231;am o conceito j&#225; presente nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58; a abordagem ao doente deve ser baseada no RCV e este deve constituir a base da decis&#227;o para o in&#237;cio &#40;ou n&#227;o&#41; de estatina&#59; o risco interm&#233;dio constitui o limiar para essa decis&#227;o&#44; independentemente dos n&#237;veis de C&#8208;LDL basais&#44; como j&#225; salientado nos estudos JUPITER<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; AFCAPS&#47;TexCAPS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> e MEGA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sabendo&#8208;se que a veicula&#231;&#227;o de not&#237;cias negativas sobre estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> encontra&#8208;se associada a um aumento da mortalidade CV em 18&#37; e da incid&#234;ncia de enfarte em 26&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; e que &#233; vari&#225;vel a propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes que ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da toma de estatinas a reinicia posteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; &#233; fundamental que a comunidade cardiovascular consiga transmitir &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o os ineg&#225;veis benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem cient&#237;fica &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outro dos objetivos do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 foi a an&#225;lise da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance</span> de uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#46; O conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span>&#44; desde h&#225; muito defendido pelo investigador principal do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; baseia&#8208;se na assun&#231;&#227;o de que os ganhos obtidos pela administra&#231;&#227;o conjunta de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos com evid&#234;ncia isolada na preven&#231;&#227;o CV t&#234;m vantagens a n&#237;vel da ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e dos custos de distribui&#231;&#227;o&#44; quando administrada numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de indiv&#237;duos em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar an&#225;lises laboratoriais para selecionar os doentes candidatos &#224; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> nem consultas de seguimento&#44; tornando a terap&#234;utica mais acess&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses com menores recursos econ&#243;micos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma das formas mais eficazes de fazer frente aos crescentes custos em sa&#250;de&#44; ainda n&#227;o tinha sido testada formalmente em contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Tais vantagens compensariam os riscos de dar um f&#225;rmaco a quem dele n&#227;o precisa e de expor uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel a uma interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente arriscada&#46; O HOPE&#8208;3 responde a essas quest&#245;es&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> incluindo dois anti&#8208;hipertensores e uma estatina n&#227;o &#233; adequada para doentes sem hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; pois estes apenas beneficiam do componente estatina&#46; No entanto&#44; para indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria&#44; onde o conceito j&#225; havia sido testado com sucesso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; ou com hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; como vimos no HOPE&#8208;3&#44; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores e estatina &#233; eficaz e segura&#46; Se a combina&#231;&#227;o utilizada&#44; incluindo hidroclorotiazida &#40;que nunca demonstrou reduzir&#44; nas doses utilizadas&#44; eventos CV&#41;&#44; foi a mais feliz&#44; &#233; controverso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros diur&#233;ticos &#40;como a clortalidona&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> ou outras classes&#44; como os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; poderia ter condicionado resultados diferentes&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como o Dr&#46; Valentin Fuster salientou na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; no ACC&#8217;16&#44; &#171;o futuro da preven&#231;&#227;o passa&#44; sem sombra de d&#250;vida&#44; pela simplicidade&#187;&#46; Numa era de medicina tecnol&#243;gica&#44; em que interven&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade e elevados custos lutam por demonstrar impacto progn&#243;stico&#44; a simples administra&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina com reduzido seguimento dos doentes demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade CV de forma robusta&#44; segura e eficaz&#46; Ser&#225; que estamos prontos para abra&#231;ar um novo conceito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">simpler Medicine</span>&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHTA&#58; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#59; AVC&#58; acidente vascular cerebral&#59; CV&#58; cardiovascular&#59; EAM&#58; enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; NNT&#58; n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar&#59; PCR&#58; paragem cardiorrespirat&#243;ria&#59; RRA&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto&#59; RRR&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Co&#8208;endpoints prim&#225;rios</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidade CV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EAM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidade CV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EAM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRA &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRR &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NNT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRA &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRR &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NNT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estatina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estatina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AHTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: Portuguese
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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