Clinical analysis of the relationship between cystatin C and metabolic syndrome in the elderly | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

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Compared with the control group, the MetD and MetS groups had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). In comparison with MetD, the MetS group had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). As MetS component scores rose, cystatin C concentrations also increased. 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=> array:1 [ 0 => "lping@sdu.edu.cn" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Shujian" "apellidos" => "Sui" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dongling" "apellidos" => "Xu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Xiaowei" "apellidos" => "Xing" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Caixia" "apellidos" => "Liu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análise clínica para a relação entre a cistatina C e a síndrome metabólica nos idosos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 951 "Ancho" => 1632 "Tamanyo" => 72535 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations between groups. Compared with the control group, the MetD and MetS groups had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). In comparison with MetD, the MetS group had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). As MetS component scores rose, cystatin C concentrations also increased. MetD: metabolic disturbances; MetS: metabolic syndrome." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionCystatin C (cysteine protease inhibitor C) is a member of the protease inhibitor superfamily, consisting of 122 amino acids, and is a low molecular weight alkaline protein. Various studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–3</a> have revealed that cystatin C is not only a more sensitive indicator of renal function than creatinine or creatinine clearance but is also an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular events, diabetes and all-cause mortality. Recent research has shown that cystatin C is closely associated with the inflammatory process and other inflammation factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,4</a>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical entity characterized by abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Each of the components has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular events. It is reported that more than 20% of the elderly suffer from MetS in China and the prevalence of MetS in the elderly in the United States has reached 43.5%. A prospective clinical study has demonstrated that serum cystatin C concentration has a strong independent association with cardiovascular events. MetS, as the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, carries a high risk of renal dysfunction, and abnormal renal function also has a close correlation with cardiovascular risk. As a marker of renal function, cystatin C may be closely related to MetS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3,5</a> However, the pathogenesis of MetS has not been fully determined. The elderly have a high incidence of cardiovascular and kidney disease, so this study set out to analyze clinical data on MetS, to investigate whether there is a relationship between cystatin C and MetS in the elderly, and to discuss its possible pathogenesis and clinical importance.MethodsStudy population and diagnostic criteriaA total of 380 consecutive subjects were prospectively recruited between August 2009 and July 2012 from the Second Hospital of Shandong University and Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,7</a> MetS is defined as central obesity (waist circumference ≥90 cm for Chinese men and ≥80 cm for Chinese women) plus any two of the following: (1) triglycerides (TG) ≥1.7 mmol/l or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality; (2) high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels <1.0 mmol/l in men and <1.3 mmol/l in women or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality; (3) systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85 mmHg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; and (4) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥5.6 mmol/l or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The criteria for a diagnosis of metabolic disturbance (MetD) is at least one of the diagnostic criteria for MetS as listed above. The definition of elderly was taken as 60 years of age or older. All diagnoses of MetS or MetD were supported by medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests. Patients with any of the following conditions were excluded from the study: infectious diseases, autoimmune disease, severe chronic disease such as advanced liver cirrhosis or cancer, renal dysfunction or use of hormone. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Secondary Hospital of Shandong University and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.Groups and study designSubjects were divided into three groups according to the diagnosis of MetS and MetD: the MetS group included 135 patients, 64 male and 71 female, mean age 69.18±6.30 (60–82) years; the MetD group had 142 patients, 65 male and 77 female, mean age 70.05±6.64 (60–86) years; and the control group had 103 elderly individuals deemed healthy after examination, including 41 males and 62 females, with a mean age of 69.39±6.58 (60–85) years. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in age, gender or etiological composition between the three groups.On the basis of their MetS score, determined as the number of metabolic syndrome components described by the IDF definition,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> each group was also subdivided into subgroups as follows: score-0 subgroup, subjects with no abnormal component; score-1 subgroup, subjects with one abnormal component, and so on, making a total of five subgroups.Biochemical assessmentA 5-ml peripheral vein blood sample was obtained from all participants early in the day after a 12-h fast, immediately transferred to a glass tube containing disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm, separated into aliquots, and then stored at −80°C. Cystatin C was measured by means of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay with commercial kits (Beijing Leadman Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Its normal reference value is 0.55–1.05 mg/l. FPG, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (Cr) were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Hitachi 7600, Tokyo, Japan) with an enzymatic method in all subjects. Microalbuminuria (MAU) in early morning urine was assessed by rapid immunoturbidimetry using a DCA 2000 analyzer (Bayer Diagnostics, München, Germany). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by a modified MDRD equation: eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)=175×plasma Cr (mg/dl)−1.234×age (in years)−0.179×0.79 (if female).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> All measurements were approved according to the quality control standards of the laboratory.Statistical analysisContinuous variables were presented as mean ± SD and categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Measurement variables were compared using one-way ANOVA and numerical variables were compared with the chi-square test. The significance of associations between variables was assessed by partial correlation analysis after adjusting for classical risk factors (age and gender). Predictors of MetS were determined by multivariate regression analysis. The association between variables and the occurrence of MetS was represented by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all calculations. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsClinical characteristics of the study populationAs shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, there were no differences in age or gender ratio between the MetS, MetD and control groups (p>0.05). There were significant differences in weight-related indicators (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and waist–height ratio), blood glucose parameters (FPG, HbA1c), blood lipids (LDL-C, TG and HDL-C), blood pressure (SBP, DBP and pulse pressure), renal function (Cr, eGFR and MAU) and cystatin C between the three groups (p<0.05 or p<0.01).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Relationship between metabolic syndrome scores and cystatin C (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>)The higher the MetS component scores, the higher the serum cystatin C concentration in these patients. In comparison with the control group, the MetS and MetD groups had significantly higher cystatin C concentrations (p<0.05 or p<0.01). Compared with MetD group, the MetS group had significantly cystatin C (p<0.05 or p<0.01).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Correlation analysis for serum cystatin C levels and MetS components (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>)After adjusting for age and gender, the results of partial correlation analysis for a single factor showed that serum cystatin C concentrations in the MetS group were closely associated with (1) the body weight-related indicators BMI, waist–hip ratio, waist circumference and waist–height ratio, with r values all >0.300 (all p<0.05); (2) TG levels (r=0.285, p=0.040) but not LDL-C levels (r=0.283, p=0.058), and negatively associated with HDL-C levels (r=−0.219, p=0.046); (3) FPG and HbA1c (r=0.442, p=0.000; r=0.371, p=0.045, respectively); and (4) SBP, DBP and pulse pressure (r=0.464, p=0.004; r=0.322, p=0.029; r=0.376, p=0.006, respectively).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>)Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for MetS, with age, gender, and other factors including BMI, waist–hip ratio, waist circumference, waist–height ratio, FPG, HbA1c, LDL-C, TG, Cr, eGFR, MAU, SBP, DBP and pulse pressure identified in univariate analysis as independent variables. In this model, the presence or absence of MetS was taken as a dependent variable. All the independent variables were put into the logistic regression model. The analysis demonstrated that cystatin C (OR=2.164, 95% CI=1.136–8.259, p=0.002), waist–height ratio (OR=3.406, 95% CI=1.965–15.098, p=0.000), waist circumference (OR=2.951, 95% CI=1.351–9.270, p=0.008), TG (OR=1.526, 95% CI=0.112–0.515, p=0.004), FPG (OR=1.883, 95% CI=0.267–2.799, p=0.012), SBP (OR=2.105, 95% CI=1.218–9.772, p=0.047) and pulse pressure (OR=1.747, 95% CI=0.198–2.545, p=0.000) entered the regression equation and were then independently associated with MetS.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionAs the most important etiological factor of cardiovascular disease, MetS is probably intimately associated with cystatin C. In our study population, the greater the number of MetS components, the higher were the serum cystatin C levels. So cystatin C may be able to predict the risk of cardiovascular events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>Central obesity is a key factor in the occurrence and development of MetS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> However, some anthropometric parameters of central obesity remain controversial. Although BMI is widely applied in the assessment of overweight and obesity, it does not distinguish fat from muscle or different fat distribution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> The main limitation of the waist–hip ratio is that both waist and hip circumference can change with weight variation and as a consequence alterations in the ratio are frequently small.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> Waist circumference is a sensitive indicator of central obesity; it not only reflects visceral fat content but is also the principal parameter for predicting obesity health-related risk. Waist circumference is also strongly related to central obesity. Nevertheless, it does not take into account differences in individual stature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> A meta-analysis has shown that waist–height ratio is a better screening tool for cardiometabolic outcomes than other indicators of somatometric measurement, using receiver operating characteristic analysis as an indicator of sensitivity, with a ranking order of areas under the curve for predictive ability of the anthropometric indices of waist–height ratio>waist circumference>waist–hip ratio>BMI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> Multivariate regression analysis in this study confirmed that waist–height ratio and waist circumference had a significant correlation with MetS in women and are simple and convenient measures.It has been shown that cystatin C is closely linked to adipose tissue. Preadipocytes differentiated in vitro can express and release cystatin C; subcutaneous and omental fatty tissue overexpress cystatin C in vivo. Cystatin C produced by adipose tissue may be a fat-derived secretory adipocytokine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> It not only has the potential to affect adipose tissue and vascular homeostasis through local and/or systemic inhibition of cathepsins but also affects the functions of adipose tissue and induces obesity-linked complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a>Clinical data have demonstrated that serum cystatin C levels are closely connected to LDL-C and TG in patients with coronary heart disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> Univariate analysis in this study showed cystatin C was positively correlated with TG and LDL-C, and negatively correlated with HDL-C. However, multivariate analysis disclosed that TG was the only lipid variable that entered the regression equation. This is probably linked to the characteristics of hyperlipidemia in China, where there is less hypercholesterolemia, mainly low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia. In particular, among elderly patients with MetS, hypertriglyceridemia accounted for 37.4% of lipid metabolic abnormalities, while decreased HDL-C accounted for only 2.6%. Multivariate regression analysis in the Western New York Study indicated that cystatin C is the strongest independent risk factor for hyperglycemia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> its concentration increasing before the onset of clinical diabetes. In comparison with healthy adults, cystatin C was associated with a threefold excess risk of progression to pre-diabetes in this population,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> and cystatin C and FPG were shown to be closely connected. Kestenbaum et al. found, in long-term follow-up, that after adjusting for confounding factors, cystatin C concentration in different ethnic populations is independently correlated with blood pressure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> Data from the Heart and Soul Study revealed SBP and pulse pressure were linearly associated with cystatin C concentrations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> The univariate correlation analysis in this study showed that SBP and pulse pressure had a closer association with cystatin C than DBP. These findings are probably relevant to features of hypertension in the elderly.The mechanism of cystatin C's association with MetS remains unclear. Possibilities include the following.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,16–18</a> (1) Impaired renal function: each component of MetS may lead to renal function impairment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> In our study, the MetS group had significantly higher Cr, eGFR and MAU values than the other groups. When renal function is impaired, ultrafiltration rate and loss of charge selectivity may contribute to the increased serum cystatin C concentrations in MetS patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> (2) Cystatin C participates in the process of cell apoptosis and has direct toxic effects on cells. (3) Cystatin C levels correlate significantly with insulin resistance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> (4) Cystatin C is intimately linked to inflammatory and procoagulant factors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> including homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, fibrinogen, and others. Moreover, cystatin C is independently related to CRP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,4</a> In addition, cystatin C and its fragments may affect the phagotrophic and chemotactic functions of granulocytes, and participate in the inflammatory process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,20</a> (5) Cystatin C is relevant to hypermetabolism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> (6) Cystatin C may induce MetS by an oxidative stress mechanism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>We acknowledge several limitations in this study. First, our sample size, although small, was sufficient to display differences between the MetS group and the control group, but further studies with larger cohorts should be performed to confirm these results. In addition, some inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were not assessed in this study to further elucidate the pathogenesis of MetS. Finally, we did not divide the patients with MetS score-4 and MetS score-5 into two groups because of the limited numbers in the two groups.In conclusion, cystatin C is not only closely related to MetS in the elderly but is also intimately linked to the components of MetS. This study indicates that paying more attention to serum cystatin C levels in elderly patients at high risk for MetS has important theoretical and clinical implications for the prevention of MetS in the elderly. The generation rate of cystatin C is stable, not affected by factors such as gender, age, diet, bilirubin, or hemolysis. Monitoring dynamic changes in cystatin C levels may help in predicting the occurrence, development and prognosis of MetS in the elderly.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres381500" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360311" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres381501" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumo" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusão" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360312" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study population and diagnostic criteria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Groups and study design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Biochemical assessment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics of the study population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Relationship between metabolic syndrome scores and cystatin C (Figure 1)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Correlation analysis for serum cystatin C levels and MetS components (Table 2)" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (Table 3)" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360311" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Metabolic syndrome" 1 => "Cystatin C" 2 => "Elderly" 3 => "Inflammation" 4 => "Obesity" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360312" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Síndrome metabólica" 1 => "Cistatina C" 2 => "Idosos" 3 => "Inflamação" 4 => "Obesidade" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveStudies have shown that both cystatin C and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with inflammation. We set out to investigate the correlation between serum cystatin C levels and MetS in the elderly. MethodsThis prospective study was conducted in 380 elderly individuals, including 135 patients with MetS, 142 patients with metabolic disturbance (MetD), and 103 healthy elderly individuals (control group). Waist–hip ratio, waist circumference, waist–height ratio, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure and cystatin C were measured and their mutual relations were analyzed. ResultsThe higher the MetS scores, the higher the serum cystatin C concentration in these patients. Serum cystatin C concentration was closely related to waist–hip ratio, waist circumference, waist–height ratio, BMI, TG, FPG, and blood pressure, not related to LDL-C levels, and negatively correlated with HDL-C levels. Logistic regression analysis indicated that cystatin C, waist–height ratio, waist circumference, FPG, TG, SBP and pulse pressure were significantly associated with MetS (OR between cystatin C and MetS 2.164, 95% CI 1.136–8.259). ConclusionCystatin C was significantly associated with MetS in the elderly. As MetS scores rose, serum cystatin C levels increased." ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "ObjetivoAlguns estudos demonstraram que tanto a cistatina C como a síndrome metabólica (SM) estão associadas à inflamação. Procuramos investigar a correlação entre os níveis séricos da cistatina C e a SM nos idosos. MétodosEste estudo prospetivo foi realizado em 380 idosos, incluindo 135 doentes com SM, 142 doentes com alterações metabólicas (AM) e 103 idosos saudáveis num grupo de controlo corrente. Foram medidos a relação cintura-quadril, o perímetro abdominal, a razão cintura-estatura, o índice da massa corporal (IMC), glicemia em jejum, a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), o colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (colesterol-DL), os triglicéridos (TG),o colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade (colesterol-HDL), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), a pressão do pulso e a cistatina C e foram avaliadas as suas relações mútuas. Resultados1. Como os scores dos componentes da SM aumentaram, os níveis da cistatina C subiram nestes doentes. Quanto mais elevados foram os scores da SM, mais elevada foi a concentração sérica de cistatina C nestes doentes. 2. A concentração sérica de cistatina C foi estreitamente relacionada com a razão cintura-quadril, com o perímetro abdominal, com a razão cintura-estatura, com o IMC, com os TG, com a glicemia em jejum e com a pressão arterial, mas não associada aos níveis de colesterol-LDL e negativamente correlacionada com os níveis de colesterol-HDL. 3. A análise de regressão logística indicou que a cistatina C, a razão cintura-estatura, o perímetro abdominal, a glicemia em jejum, os TG, a PAS e a pressão do pulso foram significativamente associados à SM, ao valor da OR entre a cistatina C e a SM foi de 2,164 (95% IC=1,136-8,259). ConclusãoA cistatina C foi significativamente associada com a SM nos idosos. Como os scores da SM subiram, os níveis séricos de cistatina C aumentaram." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 951 "Ancho" => 1632 "Tamanyo" => 72535 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations between groups. Compared with the control group, the MetD and MetS groups had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). In comparison with MetD, the MetS group had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations (all p<0.05). As MetS component scores rose, cystatin C concentrations also increased. MetD: metabolic disturbances; MetS: metabolic syndrome." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; Cr: serum creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAU: microalbuminuria; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MetD: metabolic disturbance; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; WC: waist circumference.Compared with control group:" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=103) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MetD (n=142) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MetS (n=135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69.39±6.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70.05±6.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69.18±6.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gender (female/male) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41/62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65/77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64/71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.82±1.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.61±3.66<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.07±4.84<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">WC (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">83.97±8.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88.90±13.47<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98.54±18.25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist–hip ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.85±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.98±0.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.04±0.09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist–height ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.52±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.60±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.67±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FPG (mmol/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.24±1.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.09±2.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.63±2.37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HbA1c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.83±0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.56±1.61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.30±2.40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LDL-C (mmol/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.38±1.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.58±1.14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.40±1.21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TG (mmol/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.26±0.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.20±0.83<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.95±0.68<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">#</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HDL (mmol/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.35±0.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.21±0.39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.04±0.30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cr (μmol/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.72±17.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85.60±24.86<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">108.77±38.59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MAU (mg/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.08±5.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.79±5.59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.75±9.90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">eGFR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">89.85±12.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77.08±16.67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64.80±14.63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122.16±12.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">142.73±17.56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">165.08±19.61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">78.29±8.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85.94±14.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.83±15.34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">#</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pulse pressure (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.88±7.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.07±9.90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.30±10.85<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cystatin C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.78±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.07±0.37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.34±0.58<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">##</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab581538.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<0.01. Compared with MetD group:" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "#" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "##" "nota" => "p<0.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of baseline data between MetS, MetD and control groups (x¯±s)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; WC: waist circumference." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.487 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist–hip ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.364 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">WC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist–height ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.562 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LDL-C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.203 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.058 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HDL-C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.219 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.046 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.285 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FPG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.442 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HBA1c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.371 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.045 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.464 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.322 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pulse pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.376 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab581537.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation of cystatin C and other variables." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "FPG: fasting plasma glucose; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SE: standard error; TG: triglycerides." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Wald chi-square \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exp(B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist–height ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.695 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.720 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.617 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.406 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.965–15.098 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Waist circumference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.590 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.607 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.941 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.951 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.351–9.270 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cystatin C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.239 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.445 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.756 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.136–8.259 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.511 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.489 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.035 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.047 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.218–9.772 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FPG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.633 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.202 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.800 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.883 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.267–2.799 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pulse pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.942 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.192 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.439 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.747 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.198–2.545 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.313 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.097 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.526 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.111–0.515 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab581536.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => 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Original Article

Clinical analysis of the relationship between cystatin C and metabolic syndrome in the elderly

Análise clínica para a relação entre a cistatina C e a síndrome metabólica nos idosos

Ping Liua,

Corresponding author

lping@sdu.edu.cn

Corresponding author.

, Shujian Suia, Dongling Xua, Xiaowei Xinga, Caixia Liub

a Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

b Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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        "titulo" => "An&#225;lise cl&#237;nica para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a cistatina C e a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica nos idosos"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations between groups&#46; Compared with the control group&#44; the MetD and MetS groups had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations &#40;all p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; In comparison with MetD&#44; the MetS group had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations &#40;all p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; As MetS component scores rose&#44; cystatin C concentrations also increased&#46; MetD&#58; metabolic disturbances&#59; MetS&#58; metabolic syndrome&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C &#40;cysteine protease inhibitor C&#41; is a member of the protease inhibitor superfamily&#44; consisting of 122 amino acids&#44; and is a low molecular weight alkaline protein&#46; Various studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> have revealed that cystatin C is not only a more sensitive indicator of renal function than creatinine or creatinine clearance but is also an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular events&#44; diabetes and all-cause mortality&#46; Recent research has shown that cystatin C is closely associated with the inflammatory process and other inflammation factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metabolic syndrome &#40;MetS&#41; is a clinical entity characterized by abdominal obesity&#44; hyperglycemia&#44; hypertension&#44; and dyslipidemia&#46; Each of the components has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular events&#46; It is reported that more than 20&#37; of the elderly suffer from MetS in China and the prevalence of MetS in the elderly in the United States has reached 43&#46;5&#37;&#46; A prospective clinical study has demonstrated that serum cystatin C concentration has a strong independent association with cardiovascular events&#46; MetS&#44; as the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease&#44; carries a high risk of renal dysfunction&#44; and abnormal renal function also has a close correlation with cardiovascular risk&#46; As a marker of renal function&#44; cystatin C may be closely related to MetS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5</span></a> However&#44; the pathogenesis of MetS has not been fully determined&#46; The elderly have a high incidence of cardiovascular and kidney disease&#44; so this study set out to analyze clinical data on MetS&#44; to investigate whether there is a relationship between cystatin C and MetS in the elderly&#44; and to discuss its possible pathogenesis and clinical importance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study population and diagnostic criteria</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 380 consecutive subjects were prospectively recruited between August 2009 and July 2012 from the Second Hospital of Shandong University and Qilu Hospital of Shandong University&#46; According to the International Diabetes Federation &#40;IDF&#41; criteria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> MetS is defined as central obesity &#40;waist circumference &#8805;90 cm for Chinese men and &#8805;80 cm for Chinese women&#41; plus any two of the following&#58; &#40;1&#41; triglycerides &#40;TG&#41; &#8805;1&#46;7 mmol&#47;l or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality&#59; &#40;2&#41; high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL-C&#41; levels &#60;1&#46;0 mmol&#47;l in men and &#60;1&#46;3 mmol&#47;l in women or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality&#59; &#40;3&#41; systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; &#8805;130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41; &#8805;85 mmHg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension&#59; and &#40;4&#41; fasting plasma glucose &#40;FPG&#41; &#8805;5&#46;6 mmol&#47;l or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes&#46; The criteria for a diagnosis of metabolic disturbance &#40;MetD&#41; is at least one of the diagnostic criteria for MetS as listed above&#46; The definition of elderly was taken as 60 years of age or older&#46; All diagnoses of MetS or MetD were supported by medical history&#44; physical examination and laboratory tests&#46; Patients with any of the following conditions were excluded from the study&#58; infectious diseases&#44; autoimmune disease&#44; severe chronic disease such as advanced liver cirrhosis or cancer&#44; renal dysfunction or use of hormone&#46; The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki&#46; The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Secondary Hospital of Shandong University and written informed consent was obtained from all participants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Groups and study design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjects were divided into three groups according to the diagnosis of MetS and MetD&#58; the MetS group included 135 patients&#44; 64 male and 71 female&#44; mean age 69&#46;18&#177;6&#46;30 &#40;60&#8211;82&#41; years&#59; the MetD group had 142 patients&#44; 65 male and 77 female&#44; mean age 70&#46;05&#177;6&#46;64 &#40;60&#8211;86&#41; years&#59; and the control group had 103 elderly individuals deemed healthy after examination&#44; including 41 males and 62 females&#44; with a mean age of 69&#46;39&#177;6&#46;58 &#40;60&#8211;85&#41; years&#46; There were no statistically significant differences &#40;p&#62;0&#46;05&#41; in age&#44; gender or etiological composition between the three groups&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of their MetS score&#44; determined as the number of metabolic syndrome components described by the IDF definition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> each group was also subdivided into subgroups as follows&#58; score-0 subgroup&#44; subjects with no abnormal component&#59; score-1 subgroup&#44; subjects with one abnormal component&#44; and so on&#44; making a total of five subgroups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Biochemical assessment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 5-ml peripheral vein blood sample was obtained from all participants early in the day after a 12-h fast&#44; immediately transferred to a glass tube containing disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid &#40;EDTA&#41;&#44; centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm&#44; separated into aliquots&#44; and then stored at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Cystatin C was measured by means of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay with commercial kits &#40;Beijing Leadman Biochemistry Co&#46;&#44; Ltd&#46;&#44; Beijing&#44; China&#41;&#46; Its normal reference value is 0&#46;55&#8211;1&#46;05 mg&#47;l&#46; FPG&#44; hemoglobin A1c &#40;HbA1c&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;TC&#41;&#44; LDL-C&#44; HDL-C&#44; TG&#44; blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine &#40;Cr&#41; were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer &#40;Hitachi 7600&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41; with an enzymatic method in all subjects&#46; Microalbuminuria &#40;MAU&#41; in early morning urine was assessed by rapid immunoturbidimetry using a DCA 2000 analyzer &#40;Bayer Diagnostics&#44; M&#252;nchen&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; Estimated glomerular filtration rate &#40;eGFR&#41; was calculated by a modified MDRD equation&#58; eGFR &#40;ml&#47;min per 1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#61;175&#215;plasma Cr &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1&#46;234</span>&#215;age &#40;in years&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;0&#46;179</span>&#215;0&#46;79 &#40;if female&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> All measurements were approved according to the quality control standards of the laboratory&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; SD and categorical variables were expressed as percentages&#46; Measurement variables were compared using one-way ANOVA and numerical variables were compared with the chi-square test&#46; The significance of associations between variables was assessed by partial correlation analysis after adjusting for classical risk factors &#40;age and gender&#41;&#46; Predictors of MetS were determined by multivariate regression analysis&#46; The association between variables and the occurrence of MetS was represented by odds ratios &#40;OR&#41; and 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41;&#46; SPSS 19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used for all calculations&#46; A value of p&#60;0&#46;05 was considered significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical characteristics of the study population</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; there were no differences in age or gender ratio between the MetS&#44; MetD and control groups &#40;p&#62;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; There were significant differences in weight-related indicators &#40;body mass index &#91;BMI&#93;&#44; waist circumference&#44; waist&#8211;hip ratio and waist&#8211;height ratio&#41;&#44; blood glucose parameters &#40;FPG&#44; HbA1c&#41;&#44; blood lipids &#40;LDL-C&#44; TG and HDL-C&#41;&#44; blood pressure &#40;SBP&#44; DBP and pulse pressure&#41;&#44; renal function &#40;Cr&#44; eGFR and MAU&#41; and cystatin C between the three groups &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05 or p&#60;0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Relationship between metabolic syndrome scores and cystatin C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The higher the MetS component scores&#44; the higher the serum cystatin C concentration in these patients&#46; In comparison with the control group&#44; the MetS and MetD groups had significantly higher cystatin C concentrations &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05 or p&#60;0&#46;01&#41;&#46; Compared with MetD group&#44; the MetS group had significantly cystatin C &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05 or p&#60;0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Correlation analysis for serum cystatin C levels and MetS components &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After adjusting for age and gender&#44; the results of partial correlation analysis for a single factor showed that serum cystatin C concentrations in the MetS group were closely associated with &#40;1&#41; the body weight-related indicators BMI&#44; waist&#8211;hip ratio&#44; waist circumference and waist&#8211;height ratio&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> values all &#62;0&#46;300 &#40;all p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; TG levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;285&#44; p&#61;0&#46;040&#41; but not LDL-C levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;283&#44; p&#61;0&#46;058&#41;&#44; and negatively associated with HDL-C levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;219&#44; p&#61;0&#46;046&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; FPG and HbA1c &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;442&#44; p&#61;0&#46;000&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;371&#44; p&#61;0&#46;045&#44; respectively&#41;&#59; and &#40;4&#41; SBP&#44; DBP and pulse pressure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;464&#44; p&#61;0&#46;004&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;322&#44; p&#61;0&#46;029&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;376&#44; p&#61;0&#46;006&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for metabolic syndrome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for MetS&#44; with age&#44; gender&#44; and other factors including BMI&#44; waist&#8211;hip ratio&#44; waist circumference&#44; waist&#8211;height ratio&#44; FPG&#44; HbA1c&#44; LDL-C&#44; TG&#44; Cr&#44; eGFR&#44; MAU&#44; SBP&#44; DBP and pulse pressure identified in univariate analysis as independent variables&#46; In this model&#44; the presence or absence of MetS was taken as a dependent variable&#46; All the independent variables were put into the logistic regression model&#46; The analysis demonstrated that cystatin C &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;164&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;1&#46;136&#8211;8&#46;259&#44; p&#61;0&#46;002&#41;&#44; waist&#8211;height ratio &#40;OR&#61;3&#46;406&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;1&#46;965&#8211;15&#46;098&#44; p&#61;0&#46;000&#41;&#44; waist circumference &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;951&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;1&#46;351&#8211;9&#46;270&#44; p&#61;0&#46;008&#41;&#44; TG &#40;OR&#61;1&#46;526&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;0&#46;112&#8211;0&#46;515&#44; p&#61;0&#46;004&#41;&#44; FPG &#40;OR&#61;1&#46;883&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;0&#46;267&#8211;2&#46;799&#44; p&#61;0&#46;012&#41;&#44; SBP &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;105&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;1&#46;218&#8211;9&#46;772&#44; p&#61;0&#46;047&#41; and pulse pressure &#40;OR&#61;1&#46;747&#44; 95&#37; CI&#61;0&#46;198&#8211;2&#46;545&#44; p&#61;0&#46;000&#41; entered the regression equation and were then independently associated with MetS&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the most important etiological factor of cardiovascular disease&#44; MetS is probably intimately associated with cystatin C&#46; In our study population&#44; the greater the number of MetS components&#44; the higher were the serum cystatin C levels&#46; So cystatin C may be able to predict the risk of cardiovascular events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central obesity is a key factor in the occurrence and development of MetS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; some anthropometric parameters of central obesity remain controversial&#46; Although BMI is widely applied in the assessment of overweight and obesity&#44; it does not distinguish fat from muscle or different fat distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The main limitation of the waist&#8211;hip ratio is that both waist and hip circumference can change with weight variation and as a consequence alterations in the ratio are frequently small&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Waist circumference is a sensitive indicator of central obesity&#59; it not only reflects visceral fat content but is also the principal parameter for predicting obesity health-related risk&#46; Waist circumference is also strongly related to central obesity&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it does not take into account differences in individual stature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> A meta-analysis has shown that waist&#8211;height ratio is a better screening tool for cardiometabolic outcomes than other indicators of somatometric measurement&#44; using receiver operating characteristic analysis as an indicator of sensitivity&#44; with a ranking order of areas under the curve for predictive ability of the anthropometric indices of waist&#8211;height ratio&#62;waist circumference&#62;waist&#8211;hip ratio&#62;BMI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Multivariate regression analysis in this study confirmed that waist&#8211;height ratio and waist circumference had a significant correlation with MetS in women and are simple and convenient measures&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been shown that cystatin C is closely linked to adipose tissue&#46; Preadipocytes differentiated in vitro can express and release cystatin C&#59; subcutaneous and omental fatty tissue overexpress cystatin C in vivo&#46; Cystatin C produced by adipose tissue may be a fat-derived secretory adipocytokine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It not only has the potential to affect adipose tissue and vascular homeostasis through local and&#47;or systemic inhibition of cathepsins but also affects the functions of adipose tissue and induces obesity-linked complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data have demonstrated that serum cystatin C levels are closely connected to LDL-C and TG in patients with coronary heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Univariate analysis in this study showed cystatin C was positively correlated with TG and LDL-C&#44; and negatively correlated with HDL-C&#46; However&#44; multivariate analysis disclosed that TG was the only lipid variable that entered the regression equation&#46; This is probably linked to the characteristics of hyperlipidemia in China&#44; where there is less hypercholesterolemia&#44; mainly low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia&#46; In particular&#44; among elderly patients with MetS&#44; hypertriglyceridemia accounted for 37&#46;4&#37; of lipid metabolic abnormalities&#44; while decreased HDL-C accounted for only 2&#46;6&#37;&#46; Multivariate regression analysis in the Western New York Study indicated that cystatin C is the strongest independent risk factor for hyperglycemia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> its concentration increasing before the onset of clinical diabetes&#46; In comparison with healthy adults&#44; cystatin C was associated with a threefold excess risk of progression to pre-diabetes in this population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and cystatin C and FPG were shown to be closely connected&#46; Kestenbaum et al&#46; found&#44; in long-term follow-up&#44; that after adjusting for confounding factors&#44; cystatin C concentration in different ethnic populations is independently correlated with blood pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Data from the Heart and Soul Study revealed SBP and pulse pressure were linearly associated with cystatin C concentrations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The univariate correlation analysis in this study showed that SBP and pulse pressure had a closer association with cystatin C than DBP&#46; These findings are probably relevant to features of hypertension in the elderly&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanism of cystatin C&#39;s association with MetS remains unclear&#46; Possibilities include the following&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;16&#8211;18</span></a> &#40;1&#41; Impaired renal function&#58; each component of MetS may lead to renal function impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In our study&#44; the MetS group had significantly higher Cr&#44; eGFR and MAU values than the other groups&#46; When renal function is impaired&#44; ultrafiltration rate and loss of charge selectivity may contribute to the increased serum cystatin C concentrations in MetS patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;2&#41; Cystatin C participates in the process of cell apoptosis and has direct toxic effects on cells&#46; &#40;3&#41; Cystatin C levels correlate significantly with insulin resistance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;4&#41; Cystatin C is intimately linked to inflammatory and procoagulant factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> including homocysteine&#44; C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; interleukin-6 &#40;IL-6&#41;&#44; tumor necrosis factor-&#945; &#40;TNF-&#945;&#41;&#44; intercellular adhesion molecule-1&#44; fibrinogen&#44; and others&#46; Moreover&#44; cystatin C is independently related to CRP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a> In addition&#44; cystatin C and its fragments may affect the phagotrophic and chemotactic functions of granulocytes&#44; and participate in the inflammatory process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;20</span></a> &#40;5&#41; Cystatin C is relevant to hypermetabolism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;6&#41; Cystatin C may induce MetS by an oxidative stress mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We acknowledge several limitations in this study&#46; First&#44; our sample size&#44; although small&#44; was sufficient to display differences between the MetS group and the control group&#44; but further studies with larger cohorts should be performed to confirm these results&#46; In addition&#44; some inflammatory markers such as CRP&#44; IL-6 and TNF-&#945; were not assessed in this study to further elucidate the pathogenesis of MetS&#46; Finally&#44; we did not divide the patients with MetS score-4 and MetS score-5 into two groups because of the limited numbers in the two groups&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; cystatin C is not only closely related to MetS in the elderly but is also intimately linked to the components of MetS&#46; This study indicates that paying more attention to serum cystatin C levels in elderly patients at high risk for MetS has important theoretical and clinical implications for the prevention of MetS in the elderly&#46; The generation rate of cystatin C is stable&#44; not affected by factors such as gender&#44; age&#44; diet&#44; bilirubin&#44; or hemolysis&#46; Monitoring dynamic changes in cystatin C levels may help in predicting the occurrence&#44; development and prognosis of MetS in the elderly&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Relationship between metabolic syndrome scores and cystatin C &#40;Figure 1&#41;"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Correlation analysis for serum cystatin C levels and MetS components &#40;Table 2&#41;"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for metabolic syndrome &#40;Table 3&#41;"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-18"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-02"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360311"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Metabolic syndrome"
            1 => "Cystatin C"
            2 => "Elderly"
            3 => "Inflammation"
            4 => "Obesity"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec360312"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica"
            1 => "Cistatina C"
            2 => "Idosos"
            3 => "Inflama&#231;&#227;o"
            4 => "Obesidade"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies have shown that both cystatin C and metabolic syndrome &#40;MetS&#41; are associated with inflammation&#46; We set out to investigate the correlation between serum cystatin C levels and MetS in the elderly&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This prospective study was conducted in 380 elderly individuals&#44; including 135 patients with MetS&#44; 142 patients with metabolic disturbance &#40;MetD&#41;&#44; and 103 healthy elderly individuals &#40;control group&#41;&#46; Waist&#8211;hip ratio&#44; waist circumference&#44; waist&#8211;height ratio&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; fasting plasma glucose &#40;FPG&#41;&#44; hemoglobin A1c &#40;HbA1c&#41;&#44; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;LDL-C&#41;&#44; triglycerides &#40;TG&#41;&#44; high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL-C&#41;&#44; systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41;&#44; diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41;&#44; pulse pressure and cystatin C were measured and their mutual relations were analyzed&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The higher the MetS scores&#44; the higher the serum cystatin C concentration in these patients&#46; Serum cystatin C concentration was closely related to waist&#8211;hip ratio&#44; waist circumference&#44; waist&#8211;height ratio&#44; BMI&#44; TG&#44; FPG&#44; and blood pressure&#44; not related to LDL-C levels&#44; and negatively correlated with HDL-C levels&#46; Logistic regression analysis indicated that cystatin C&#44; waist&#8211;height ratio&#44; waist circumference&#44; FPG&#44; TG&#44; SBP and pulse pressure were significantly associated with MetS &#40;OR between cystatin C and MetS 2&#46;164&#44; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;136&#8211;8&#46;259&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C was significantly associated with MetS in the elderly&#46; As MetS scores rose&#44; serum cystatin C levels increased&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alguns estudos demonstraram que tanto a cistatina C como a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#40;SM&#41; est&#227;o associadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o&#46; Procuramos investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da cistatina C e a SM nos idosos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo prospetivo foi realizado em 380 idosos&#44; incluindo 135 doentes com SM&#44; 142 doentes com altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas &#40;AM&#41; e 103 idosos saud&#225;veis num grupo de controlo corrente&#46; Foram medidos a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril&#44; o per&#237;metro abdominal&#44; a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura&#44; o &#237;ndice da massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#44; glicemia em jejum&#44; a hemoglobina glicada &#40;HbA1c&#41;&#44; o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade &#40;colesterol-DL&#41;&#44; os triglic&#233;ridos &#40;TG&#41;&#44;o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade &#40;colesterol-HDL&#41;&#44; a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41;&#44; a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#40;PAD&#41;&#44; a press&#227;o do pulso e a cistatina C e foram avaliadas as suas rela&#231;&#245;es m&#250;tuas&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">1&#46; Como os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> dos componentes da SM aumentaram&#44; os n&#237;veis da cistatina C subiram nestes doentes&#46; Quanto mais elevados foram os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> da SM&#44; mais elevada foi a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de cistatina C nestes doentes&#46; 2&#46; A concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de cistatina C foi estreitamente relacionada com a raz&#227;o cintura-quadril&#44; com o per&#237;metro abdominal&#44; com a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura&#44; com o IMC&#44; com os TG&#44; com a glicemia em jejum e com a press&#227;o arterial&#44; mas n&#227;o associada aos n&#237;veis de colesterol-LDL e negativamente correlacionada com os n&#237;veis de colesterol-HDL&#46; 3&#46; A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica indicou que a cistatina C&#44; a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura&#44; o per&#237;metro abdominal&#44; a glicemia em jejum&#44; os TG&#44; a PAS e a press&#227;o do pulso foram significativamente associados &#224; SM&#44; ao valor da OR entre a cistatina C e a SM foi de 2&#44;164 &#40;95&#37; IC&#61;1&#44;136-8&#44;259&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cistatina C foi significativamente associada com a SM nos idosos&#46; Como os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> da SM subiram&#44; os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cistatina C aumentaram&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 951
            "Ancho" => 1632
            "Tamanyo" => 72535
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations between groups&#46; Compared with the control group&#44; the MetD and MetS groups had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations &#40;all p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; In comparison with MetD&#44; the MetS group had higher MetS component scores and cystatin C concentrations &#40;all p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; As MetS component scores rose&#44; cystatin C concentrations also increased&#46; MetD&#58; metabolic disturbances&#59; MetS&#58; metabolic syndrome&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; Cr&#58; serum creatinine&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; eGFR&#58; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; FPG&#58; fasting plasma glucose&#59; HbA1c&#58; hemoglobin A1c&#59; HDL-C&#58; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; LDL-C&#58; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; MAU&#58; microalbuminuria&#59; MetS&#58; metabolic syndrome&#59; MetD&#58; metabolic disturbance&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#59; WC&#58; waist circumference&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compared with control group&#58;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls &#40;n&#61;103&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MetD &#40;n&#61;142&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MetS &#40;n&#61;135&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;39&#177;6&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;05&#177;6&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;18&#177;6&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gender &#40;female&#47;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#47;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#47;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#47;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;82&#177;1&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;61&#177;3&#46;66<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;07&#177;4&#46;84<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WC &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;97&#177;8&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;90&#177;13&#46;47<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#46;54&#177;18&#46;25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Waist&#8211;hip ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;98&#177;0&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;04&#177;0&#46;09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Waist&#8211;height ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;52&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;67&#177;0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FPG &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;24&#177;1&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;09&#177;2&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;63&#177;2&#46;37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HbA1c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;83&#177;0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;56&#177;1&#46;61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;30&#177;2&#46;40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LDL-C &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;38&#177;1&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;58&#177;1&#46;14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;40&#177;1&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TG &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;26&#177;0&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;20&#177;0&#46;83<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;95&#177;0&#46;68<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HDL &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;35&#177;0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;21&#177;0&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;04&#177;0&#46;30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cr &#40;&#956;mol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;72&#177;17&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;60&#177;24&#46;86<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">108&#46;77&#177;38&#46;59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MAU &#40;mg&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;08&#177;5&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;79&#177;5&#46;59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;75&#177;9&#46;90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">eGFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;85&#177;12&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;08&#177;16&#46;67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;80&#177;14&#46;63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">122&#46;16&#177;12&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">142&#46;73&#177;17&#46;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">165&#46;08&#177;19&#46;61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;29&#177;8&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;94&#177;14&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91&#46;83&#177;15&#46;34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pulse pressure &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;88&#177;7&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;07&#177;9&#46;90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;30&#177;10&#46;85<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cystatin C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;07&#177;0&#46;37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;34&#177;0&#46;58<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">p&#60;0&#46;01&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Compared with MetD group&#58;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; FPG&#58; fasting plasma glucose&#59; HbA1c&#58; hemoglobin A1c&#59; HDL-C&#58; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; LDL-C&#58; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#59; WC&#58; waist circumference&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">LDL-C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HDL-C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">pulse pressure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FPG&#58; fasting plasma glucose&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; SE&#58; standard error&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cystatin C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;218&#8211;9&#46;772&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.repce.2014.01.016

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	4	9
2024 October	45	28	73
2024 September	46	22	68
2024 August	46	32	78
2024 July	32	29	61
2024 June	31	23	54
2024 May	53	18	71
2024 April	23	22	45
2024 March	35	23	58
2024 February	40	30	70
2024 January	21	32	53
2023 December	23	26	49
2023 November	30	23	53
2023 October	26	17	43
2023 September	27	15	42
2023 August	36	21	57
2023 July	35	14	49
2023 June	59	15	74
2023 May	46	32	78
2023 April	35	5	40
2023 March	24	17	41
2023 February	30	19	49
2023 January	24	17	41
2022 December	25	19	44
2022 November	28	23	51
2022 October	32	20	52
2022 September	33	34	67
2022 August	41	28	69
2022 July	43	36	79
2022 June	19	25	44
2022 May	26	30	56
2022 April	36	22	58
2022 March	30	29	59
2022 February	35	26	61
2022 January	28	21	49
2021 December	29	34	63
2021 November	29	30	59
2021 October	48	38	86
2021 September	49	33	82
2021 August	31	29	60
2021 July	38	37	75
2021 June	26	21	47
2021 May	41	29	70
2021 April	62	23	85
2021 March	47	16	63
2021 February	43	15	58
2021 January	24	11	35
2020 December	21	6	27
2020 November	32	15	47
2020 October	23	6	29
2020 September	68	12	80
2020 August	30	6	36
2020 July	48	2	50
2020 June	44	9	53
2020 May	50	3	53
2020 April	29	6	35
2020 March	41	10	51
2020 February	72	22	94
2020 January	26	10	36
2019 December	29	13	42
2019 November	29	3	32
2019 October	32	7	39
2019 September	20	12	32
2019 August	24	12	36
2019 July	45	10	55
2019 June	25	14	39
2019 May	28	13	41
2019 April	31	19	50
2019 March	24	8	32
2019 February	42	13	55
2019 January	29	6	35
2018 December	54	11	65
2018 November	160	12	172
2018 October	431	10	441
2018 September	97	8	105
2018 August	84	8	92
2018 July	32	14	46
2018 June	31	17	48
2018 May	35	8	43
2018 April	22	4	26
2018 March	33	5	38
2018 February	27	20	47
2018 January	22	4	26
2017 December	40	14	54
2017 November	33	15	48
2017 October	28	17	45
2017 September	33	15	48
2017 August	30	16	46
2017 July	19	14	33
2017 June	38	15	53
2017 May	27	8	35
2017 April	18	7	25
2017 March	39	18	57
2017 February	34	1	35
2017 January	29	3	32
2016 December	29	11	40
2016 November	19	19	38
2016 October	33	8	41
2016 September	20	15	35
2016 August	11	1	12
2016 July	12	2	14
2016 June	6	5	11
2016 May	8	3	11
2016 April	16	1	17
2016 March	25	5	30
2016 February	27	19	46
2016 January	28	16	44
2015 December	30	5	35
2015 November	28	6	34
2015 October	35	5	40
2015 September	25	4	29
2015 August	16	6	22
2015 July	25	4	29
2015 June	16	2	18
2015 May	25	1	26
2015 April	28	10	38
2015 March	17	3	20
2015 February	16	3	19
2015 January	20	6	26
2014 December	35	7	42
2014 November	30	8	38
2014 October	48	8	56
2014 September	26	6	32

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