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peak left ventricular &#40;LV&#41;&#47;aortic gradient of 55 mmHg&#44; mean 33 mmHg&#44; and functional aortic valve area of 0&#46;8 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;0&#46;39 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#59; mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41; with pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#40;PASP&#41; of 51 mmHg&#59; mild to moderate LV systolic dysfunction&#59; systolic and diastolic straightening of the ventricular septum&#59; and impaired RV systolic function&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate the signs of pulmonary hypertension &#40;PH&#41; in a patient with severe isolated aortic stenosis &#40;AS&#41;&#44; spirometry was performed&#44; which was normal&#59; lung computed tomography showed no sign of pulmonary embolism &#40;PE&#41; or other alterations of the pulmonary parenchyma&#44; while ventilation&#47;perfusion scintigraphy showed a low probability of PE&#46; Abdominal ultrasound revealed moderate ascites&#44; hepatomegaly &#40;19&#46;2 cm&#41;&#44; moderate homogeneous splenomegaly &#40;14&#46;7 cm&#41;&#44; and no signs of cirrhosis or portal hypertension&#46; The dosage of diuretics was increased and the patient was referred for surgical aortic valve replacement&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">His heart failure symptoms &#40;HF&#41; persisted and he was hospitalized three weeks after the initial assessment&#46; Intravenous diuretics led to progressive improvement&#46; Laboratory tests showed Hb 8&#46;6 g&#47;dl&#44; and iron kinetics&#44; vitamin B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> and folic acid levels&#44; activated partial thromboplastin time&#44; prothrombin time and fibrinogen were all normal&#46; Platelet function testing showed increased platelet aggregation time&#44; while levels of von Willebrand factor &#40;vWF&#41; and vWF ristocetin cofactor &#40;RCo&#41; activity &#40;vWF&#58;RCo&#41; were normal&#46; Cardiac catheterization showed RV end-diastolic pressure of 27 mmHg&#44; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure &#40;PCWP&#41; of 27 mmHg&#44; and PASP of 65 mmHg&#59; intracavitary shunts were excluded by oximetry&#46; Coronary angiography revealed non-significant coronary artery disease&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s anemia worsened progressively during hospital stay&#44; with a minimum Hb of 5&#46;3 g&#47;dl&#44; requiring transfusion of eight units of red cell concentrate and intravenous iron supplementation&#46; At this time an endoscopic study revealed two gastrointestinal angiodysplasias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41; which were treated by argon plasma coagulation&#46; Since the patient&#39;s Hb values remained unstable&#44; capsule endoscopy was performed&#44; which revealed active jejunal bleeding&#44; treated with epinephrine hemostasis and argon plasma ablation of jejunal angioectasias by enteroscopy&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hb levels then stabilized at 9 g&#47;dl and on the 28th day of hospitalization the patient underwent surgical aortic valve replacement with a 23-mm Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT biological valve and De Vega tricuspid annuloplasty&#44; which were uneventful&#46; He was medicated with furosemide&#44; carvedilol&#44; clopidogrel&#44; oral antidiabetic agents and lipid-lowering drugs&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At an outpatient consultation one month after surgery&#44; he was in NYHA class II with no visible evidence of blood loss&#59; Hb levels remained stable at 9&#46;2 g&#47;dl&#46; The echocardiogram revealed moderate left atrial dilatation and normal dimensions of the other chambers&#44; normal appearance of the cusps of the biological aortic valve with no pathological regurgitation &#40;functional area 1&#46;5 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; correctly implanted tricuspid valve annulus with no stenosis or regurgitation&#44; and preserved biventricular function&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between severe AS and gastrointestinal bleeding was first described in 1958 by Edward Heyde&#44; and is now known as Heyde syndrome &#40;HS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Investigation revealed that the bleeding in HS is associated with vascular alterations&#44; particularly angiodysplasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AS in the elderly is usually degenerative and is associated with the same cardiovascular risk factors as atherosclerotic disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is the most common valve disease in Europe&#44; affecting 2&#8211;7&#37; of those aged over 65&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiodysplasias are more common in individuals aged over 60 and are responsible for 1&#8211;6&#37; of hospitalizations for gastrointestinal bleeding and 30&#8211;40&#37; of bleeding of obscure cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In HS&#44; AS makes angiodysplasias clinically manifest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Gastrointestinal bleeding is 100 times more common in patients with calcified AS than in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rarity of this association and the frequently subjective and varying diagnostic criteria make it difficult to study the epidemiology of the syndrome&#44; the true prevalence of which is unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various theories have been put forward to explain HS&#44; including a pathophysiology common to AS and angiodysplasia and common cardiovascular risk factors&#44; a predisposition for the formation of angiodysplasias together with the low cardiac output and pulse wave abnormalities arising from AS&#44; and intestinal hypoxia caused by cholesterol emboli or atherosclerotic plaques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely accepted etiology is acquired vWF deficiency due to the mechanical disruption of vWF multimers by the turbulent flow in the stenotic aortic valve&#44; which makes them vulnerable to degradation by metalloproteinases&#46; In addition&#44; this turbulent flow increases the interaction between vWF and platelets and the formation of microaggregates&#44; leading to platelet sequestration and multimer degradation&#44; and is thus frequently associated with thrombocytopenia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The severity of vWF deficiency is directly related to the severity of AS as measured by the transvalvular gradient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through the same pathophysiological mechanism&#44; vWF deficiency may be found in some cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of vWF multimers is essential for hemostasis in areas of high blood flow&#44; such as angiodysplasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a> Patients with severe AS thus have higher bleeding risk&#44; especially if taking antiplatelets or undergoing surgical procedures&#59; the increase in risk is related to acquired vWF deficiency&#44; with ratio of collagen-binding activity to antigen reduced in 67&#37; and platelet-function analyzer closure time prolonged in 92&#37; in patients with severe AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis of HS is made on the basis of severe AS on echocardiography and gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia documented by endoscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In decreasing order of sensitivity&#44; the findings that demonstrate acquired vWF deficiency are absence of vWF multimers by electrophoresis&#59; increased platelet aggregation time on platelet function testing&#59; skin bleeding time&#59; vWF&#58;RCo activity and vWF antigen level &#40;values of the latter two are often normal in patients with acquired vWF deficiency secondary to severe AS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding includes endoscopic hemostasis&#44; angiographic embolization&#44; intestinal resection&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> estrogen-progesterone therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9</span></a> &#40;although there have been few case reports or studies on this approach&#44; hormone therapy may be effective in controlling recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal vascular malformations&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> octreotide&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a> and intravenous iron supplements and blood transfusions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Complete resolution of HS is achieved by aortic valve replacement&#44; the angiodysplasias remaining but without bleeding&#59; this is a lasting cure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although isolated bleeding in severe AS is not a formal indication for valve replacement&#44; it should be considered on a case-by-case basis&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biological valves are to be preferred in order to avoid long-term anticoagulation&#44; but this decision will depend on operative risk and the patient&#39;s life expectancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Valve replacement is preferable to intestinal resection&#44; both because of the surgical risk due to underlying valve disease and because the intestinal lesions are likely to be dispersed and thus not all can be resected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case presented&#44; the diagnosis of HS was made on the basis of the association of active gastrointestinal bleeding and severe AS&#46; The finding of increased platelet aggregation time in the absence of other causes&#44; even with normal vWF&#58;RCo activity and vWF antigen levels&#44; suggests an acquired vWF deficiency&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few cases described in the literature of the association of severe AS&#44; vWF deficiency and gastrointestinal bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic approach adopted in this case was similar to that in other case reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> Maintenance of stable Hb levels&#44; through treatment for the lesions responsible for the bleeding&#44; iron supplementation and blood transfusions&#44; kept the patient clinically stable until a permanent cure could be achieved&#44; reducing surgical risk during valve replacement&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other unusual feature of this case was the presence of severe PH associated with right chamber dilatation&#44; causing right HF&#44; which is atypical in cases of isolated severe AS&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of a marked increase in PASP associated with elevated PCWP resulting from increased LV end-diastolic pressure&#44; the exclusion of other likely causes&#44; and normalization of right chamber dimensions and resolution of PH after valve replacement&#44; indicate that severe AS was the underlying cause&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of PH in AS is 28&#8211;56&#37;&#44; and 11&#8211;21&#37; of severe PH 11&#8211;21&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> As demonstrated by Cam et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and Malouf et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> valve replacement should be considered in cases of severe PH secondary to severe AS&#44; especially when associated with increased PCWP&#44; as the long-term benefit outweighs the surgical risk&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specific characteristics of this case required a multidisciplinary approach to stabilizing the patient&#44; and the outcome demonstrated that the benefit of valve replacement outweighed the high surgical risk and that surgery was the only way to achieve lasting clinical improvement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The authors present the case of a 68-year-old man with predominantly right heart failure in the context of severe aortic stenosis associated with pulmonary hypertension&#46; Anemia was diagnosed which&#44; after endoscopic study&#44; was considered to be secondary to angiodysplasia and a diagnosis of Heyde syndrome was made&#46; After valve replacement surgery the patient&#39;s heart failure improved and hemoglobin levels stabilized&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present this case to show the need to recognize less common associations of severe aortic stenosis&#44; in order to provide immediate and appropriate treatment&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores apresentam um caso cl&#237;nico de um homem de 68 anos com cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita&#44; no contexto de estenose a&#243;rtica grave associada a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar&#46; Concomitantemente&#44; foi diagnosticada anemia que&#44; ap&#243;s estudo endosc&#243;pico&#44; se concluiu ser secund&#225;ria a angiodisplasias intestinais&#44; tendo sido feito o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Heyde&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvular houve resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro&#44; com melhoria dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores de hemoglobina&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com este caso pretende-se mostrar a necessidade do conhecimento de associa&#231;&#245;es menos frequentes na estenose a&#243;rtica grave para uma atua&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica imediata e adequada&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Godinho AR&#44; Amorim S&#44; Campelo M&#44; et al&#46; Estenose a&#243;rtica grave&#58; associa&#231;&#245;es esquecidas&#46; Rev Port Cardiol&#46; 2014&#59;33&#58;563&#46;e1&#8211;563&#46;e4&#46;</p>"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J Heart Valve Dis"
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                      "titulo" => "Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease &#40;version 2012&#41;&#46; The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery &#40;EACTS&#41;"
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Case report
Severe aortic stenosis: Forgotten associations
Estenose aórtica grave: associações esquecidas
Ana Rita Godinhoa,
Corresponding author
, Sandra Amorima, Manuel Campeloa, Elisabete Martinsa, Elisa Lopez Rodriguezb, Rosa Coelhoc, Guilherme Macedoc, Maria Júlia Maciela
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
b Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
c Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Case report</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 68-year-old man with type 2 diabetes &#40;medicated with metformin and vildagliptin&#41; and dyslipidemia &#40;medicated with statins and fenofibrate&#41; as cardiovascular risk factors&#44; and a history of alcohol abuse &#40;100 g&#47;day&#41;&#44; had been diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia a year previously that was investigated by endoscopy&#44; which revealed chronic atrophic gastritis&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In March 2013 he began to experience fatigue&#44; dyspnea on moderate and mild exertion&#44; abdominal swelling&#44; lower limb edema and cachexia&#46; He was medicated with furosemide and ivabradine and assessed by a cardiologist four months after symptom onset&#46; On physical examination he was in New York Heart Association &#40;NYHA&#41; class III&#44; with marked weight loss and venous jugular distention&#59; bilateral basal rales on pulmonary auscultation&#59; rhythmic S1 and S2 on cardiac auscultation with a grade III&#47;VI aortic early to mid systolic murmur radiating to the carotids&#59; palpable hepatomegaly 4 cm below the costal margin&#59; moderate ascites and lower limb edema up to the knee&#46; The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and complete right bundle branch block&#46; On the chest X-ray cardiomegaly was visible with right atrial dilatation and bilateral hilar enlargement&#46; Laboratory tests revealed anemia &#40;hemoglobin &#91;Hb&#93; 9&#46;9 g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; The echocardiogram showed dilatation of both atria and the right ventricle &#40;RV&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#44; with mild hypertrophy of the ventricular septum&#59; a thickened and calcified aortic valve with significantly limited opening &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#59; peak left ventricular &#40;LV&#41;&#47;aortic gradient of 55 mmHg&#44; mean 33 mmHg&#44; and functional aortic valve area of 0&#46;8 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;0&#46;39 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#59; mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41; with pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#40;PASP&#41; of 51 mmHg&#59; mild to moderate LV systolic dysfunction&#59; systolic and diastolic straightening of the ventricular septum&#59; and impaired RV systolic function&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate the signs of pulmonary hypertension &#40;PH&#41; in a patient with severe isolated aortic stenosis &#40;AS&#41;&#44; spirometry was performed&#44; which was normal&#59; lung computed tomography showed no sign of pulmonary embolism &#40;PE&#41; or other alterations of the pulmonary parenchyma&#44; while ventilation&#47;perfusion scintigraphy showed a low probability of PE&#46; Abdominal ultrasound revealed moderate ascites&#44; hepatomegaly &#40;19&#46;2 cm&#41;&#44; moderate homogeneous splenomegaly &#40;14&#46;7 cm&#41;&#44; and no signs of cirrhosis or portal hypertension&#46; The dosage of diuretics was increased and the patient was referred for surgical aortic valve replacement&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">His heart failure symptoms &#40;HF&#41; persisted and he was hospitalized three weeks after the initial assessment&#46; Intravenous diuretics led to progressive improvement&#46; Laboratory tests showed Hb 8&#46;6 g&#47;dl&#44; and iron kinetics&#44; vitamin B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> and folic acid levels&#44; activated partial thromboplastin time&#44; prothrombin time and fibrinogen were all normal&#46; Platelet function testing showed increased platelet aggregation time&#44; while levels of von Willebrand factor &#40;vWF&#41; and vWF ristocetin cofactor &#40;RCo&#41; activity &#40;vWF&#58;RCo&#41; were normal&#46; Cardiac catheterization showed RV end-diastolic pressure of 27 mmHg&#44; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure &#40;PCWP&#41; of 27 mmHg&#44; and PASP of 65 mmHg&#59; intracavitary shunts were excluded by oximetry&#46; Coronary angiography revealed non-significant coronary artery disease&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s anemia worsened progressively during hospital stay&#44; with a minimum Hb of 5&#46;3 g&#47;dl&#44; requiring transfusion of eight units of red cell concentrate and intravenous iron supplementation&#46; At this time an endoscopic study revealed two gastrointestinal angiodysplasias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41; which were treated by argon plasma coagulation&#46; Since the patient&#39;s Hb values remained unstable&#44; capsule endoscopy was performed&#44; which revealed active jejunal bleeding&#44; treated with epinephrine hemostasis and argon plasma ablation of jejunal angioectasias by enteroscopy&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hb levels then stabilized at 9 g&#47;dl and on the 28th day of hospitalization the patient underwent surgical aortic valve replacement with a 23-mm Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT biological valve and De Vega tricuspid annuloplasty&#44; which were uneventful&#46; He was medicated with furosemide&#44; carvedilol&#44; clopidogrel&#44; oral antidiabetic agents and lipid-lowering drugs&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At an outpatient consultation one month after surgery&#44; he was in NYHA class II with no visible evidence of blood loss&#59; Hb levels remained stable at 9&#46;2 g&#47;dl&#46; The echocardiogram revealed moderate left atrial dilatation and normal dimensions of the other chambers&#44; normal appearance of the cusps of the biological aortic valve with no pathological regurgitation &#40;functional area 1&#46;5 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; correctly implanted tricuspid valve annulus with no stenosis or regurgitation&#44; and preserved biventricular function&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between severe AS and gastrointestinal bleeding was first described in 1958 by Edward Heyde&#44; and is now known as Heyde syndrome &#40;HS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Investigation revealed that the bleeding in HS is associated with vascular alterations&#44; particularly angiodysplasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AS in the elderly is usually degenerative and is associated with the same cardiovascular risk factors as atherosclerotic disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is the most common valve disease in Europe&#44; affecting 2&#8211;7&#37; of those aged over 65&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiodysplasias are more common in individuals aged over 60 and are responsible for 1&#8211;6&#37; of hospitalizations for gastrointestinal bleeding and 30&#8211;40&#37; of bleeding of obscure cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In HS&#44; AS makes angiodysplasias clinically manifest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Gastrointestinal bleeding is 100 times more common in patients with calcified AS than in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rarity of this association and the frequently subjective and varying diagnostic criteria make it difficult to study the epidemiology of the syndrome&#44; the true prevalence of which is unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various theories have been put forward to explain HS&#44; including a pathophysiology common to AS and angiodysplasia and common cardiovascular risk factors&#44; a predisposition for the formation of angiodysplasias together with the low cardiac output and pulse wave abnormalities arising from AS&#44; and intestinal hypoxia caused by cholesterol emboli or atherosclerotic plaques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely accepted etiology is acquired vWF deficiency due to the mechanical disruption of vWF multimers by the turbulent flow in the stenotic aortic valve&#44; which makes them vulnerable to degradation by metalloproteinases&#46; In addition&#44; this turbulent flow increases the interaction between vWF and platelets and the formation of microaggregates&#44; leading to platelet sequestration and multimer degradation&#44; and is thus frequently associated with thrombocytopenia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The severity of vWF deficiency is directly related to the severity of AS as measured by the transvalvular gradient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through the same pathophysiological mechanism&#44; vWF deficiency may be found in some cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of vWF multimers is essential for hemostasis in areas of high blood flow&#44; such as angiodysplasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a> Patients with severe AS thus have higher bleeding risk&#44; especially if taking antiplatelets or undergoing surgical procedures&#59; the increase in risk is related to acquired vWF deficiency&#44; with ratio of collagen-binding activity to antigen reduced in 67&#37; and platelet-function analyzer closure time prolonged in 92&#37; in patients with severe AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis of HS is made on the basis of severe AS on echocardiography and gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia documented by endoscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In decreasing order of sensitivity&#44; the findings that demonstrate acquired vWF deficiency are absence of vWF multimers by electrophoresis&#59; increased platelet aggregation time on platelet function testing&#59; skin bleeding time&#59; vWF&#58;RCo activity and vWF antigen level &#40;values of the latter two are often normal in patients with acquired vWF deficiency secondary to severe AS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding includes endoscopic hemostasis&#44; angiographic embolization&#44; intestinal resection&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> estrogen-progesterone therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9</span></a> &#40;although there have been few case reports or studies on this approach&#44; hormone therapy may be effective in controlling recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal vascular malformations&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> octreotide&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a> and intravenous iron supplements and blood transfusions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Complete resolution of HS is achieved by aortic valve replacement&#44; the angiodysplasias remaining but without bleeding&#59; this is a lasting cure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although isolated bleeding in severe AS is not a formal indication for valve replacement&#44; it should be considered on a case-by-case basis&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biological valves are to be preferred in order to avoid long-term anticoagulation&#44; but this decision will depend on operative risk and the patient&#39;s life expectancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Valve replacement is preferable to intestinal resection&#44; both because of the surgical risk due to underlying valve disease and because the intestinal lesions are likely to be dispersed and thus not all can be resected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case presented&#44; the diagnosis of HS was made on the basis of the association of active gastrointestinal bleeding and severe AS&#46; The finding of increased platelet aggregation time in the absence of other causes&#44; even with normal vWF&#58;RCo activity and vWF antigen levels&#44; suggests an acquired vWF deficiency&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few cases described in the literature of the association of severe AS&#44; vWF deficiency and gastrointestinal bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic approach adopted in this case was similar to that in other case reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> Maintenance of stable Hb levels&#44; through treatment for the lesions responsible for the bleeding&#44; iron supplementation and blood transfusions&#44; kept the patient clinically stable until a permanent cure could be achieved&#44; reducing surgical risk during valve replacement&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other unusual feature of this case was the presence of severe PH associated with right chamber dilatation&#44; causing right HF&#44; which is atypical in cases of isolated severe AS&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of a marked increase in PASP associated with elevated PCWP resulting from increased LV end-diastolic pressure&#44; the exclusion of other likely causes&#44; and normalization of right chamber dimensions and resolution of PH after valve replacement&#44; indicate that severe AS was the underlying cause&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of PH in AS is 28&#8211;56&#37;&#44; and 11&#8211;21&#37; of severe PH 11&#8211;21&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> As demonstrated by Cam et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and Malouf et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> valve replacement should be considered in cases of severe PH secondary to severe AS&#44; especially when associated with increased PCWP&#44; as the long-term benefit outweighs the surgical risk&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specific characteristics of this case required a multidisciplinary approach to stabilizing the patient&#44; and the outcome demonstrated that the benefit of valve replacement outweighed the high surgical risk and that surgery was the only way to achieve lasting clinical improvement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The authors present the case of a 68-year-old man with predominantly right heart failure in the context of severe aortic stenosis associated with pulmonary hypertension&#46; Anemia was diagnosed which&#44; after endoscopic study&#44; was considered to be secondary to angiodysplasia and a diagnosis of Heyde syndrome was made&#46; After valve replacement surgery the patient&#39;s heart failure improved and hemoglobin levels stabilized&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present this case to show the need to recognize less common associations of severe aortic stenosis&#44; in order to provide immediate and appropriate treatment&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores apresentam um caso cl&#237;nico de um homem de 68 anos com cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita&#44; no contexto de estenose a&#243;rtica grave associada a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar&#46; Concomitantemente&#44; foi diagnosticada anemia que&#44; ap&#243;s estudo endosc&#243;pico&#44; se concluiu ser secund&#225;ria a angiodisplasias intestinais&#44; tendo sido feito o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Heyde&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvular houve resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro&#44; com melhoria dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores de hemoglobina&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com este caso pretende-se mostrar a necessidade do conhecimento de associa&#231;&#245;es menos frequentes na estenose a&#243;rtica grave para uma atua&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica imediata e adequada&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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