Journal Information
Vol. 39. Issue 7.
Pages 365-366 (July 2020)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 39. Issue 7.
Pages 365-366 (July 2020)
Editorial note
Open Access
Cardiac rehabilitation programs for heart failure patients in the time of COVID-19
Programas de reabilitação cardíaca para doentes com insuficiência cardíaca durante o período do COVID-19
Visits
2749
Cristine Schmidta,b, Sandra Magalhãesc, Ana Barreirad, Fernando Ribeiroe, Preza Fernandesd, Mário Santosd,f,
Corresponding author
mariossantos001@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
b Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física Saúde e Lazer, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
c Serviço de Fisiatria, Hospital Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
d Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
e Instituto de Biomedicina, Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
f Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Full Text

The current COVID-19 pandemic is challenging heart failure (HF) care in many ways. It is estimated that 380 000 people currently live with HF in Portugal and more than 35 000 HF hospitalizations take place in our healthcare system every year.1 Stable HF patients on optimal drug therapy have an annual risk of being hospitalized of around 10-20%.2 This risk can be reduced by 30% if patients follow a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program,3 as recommended by the European Society of Cardiology guidelines (class I recommendation, level of evidence A).4 However, the participation of HF patients in CR programs was already disappointingly low,5 and the delivery of this treatment will be further disrupted in the time of COVID-19.

CR is a multidisciplinary intervention that includes several core components, including patient assessment, management and control of cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity counseling and exercise training prescription, dietary advice, psychosocial management and vocational support. Traditional center-based CR programs require the patient to travel to hospital facilities multiple times a week for several months to participate in group sessions, which increases social contact and consequently the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, patients with cardiovascular disease are known to be at greater risk of contracting a severe form of COVID-19. These new circumstances require the redesign of the CR delivery model, and home-based CR programs could be a way to proceed.

Home-based CR programs consist of the same core components as center-based programs but delivered in a non-clinical setting, such as the patient's home. In fact, most can be called hybrid programs, because they include a number of sessions during the first weeks in which patients are assessed and monitored during exercise, aiming to teach them how to self-monitor exercise intensity and recognize safety alert signals.6 Home-based programs are as effective as center-based programs regarding improvements in quality of life, functional capacity and HF hospitalizations.7 Recognition of home-based CR as a cost-effective intervention has led to its incorporation into the healthcare systems of several countries, including Australia, Canada, and the UK. Interestingly, the National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation Quality and Outcomes Report for 2019 by the British Heart Foundation reported that 10% of patients who attend CR participate in a home-based CR program. In countries like Portugal, with low CR attendance, home-based programs have the potential to expand the capacity of and access to the system, increasing CR program delivery.

Safety is always a major concern in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing CR programs. A recent meta-analysis that included 31 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1791 HF participants reported that both home-based alone and hybrid CR were as safe as clinical-based CR,8 including for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices.9 Telemonitoring during training sessions can include varying degrees of technology-assisted assessment ranging from a simple format using only a logbook and structured telephone calls to the use of wearable sensors, such as heart rate monitors, accelerometers or pedometers, or a high-tech approach such as remote ECG telemetry monitoring or synchronous videoconferencing. Decisions on what approach to use and the degree of technological sophistication required depend on patient-related factors, including cardiovascular risk, digital skills and personal preferences, and provider-related factors such as logistical conditions that include staff training and availability of technological equipment. The use of videoconferencing technologies, which enable patients to interact with the CR healthcare team (and potentially with other patients), currently appears to be a useful way to lessen the mental and physical consequences of social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.10

Regardless of the telemonitoring methods adopted, there are several practical challenges posed by these remote CR programs. Extrapolation of the existing evidence is not straightforward for Portuguese HF patients, who may differ regarding health literacy, access to digital technology, personal preferences and attitudes regarding exercise. In this regard, we hope to be able to add new data from an ongoing pragmatic randomized trial, EXercise InTervention in Heart Failure (EXIT-HF) (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04334603). In our experience, the most common barriers are the lack of infrastructure to perform exercise at home, low motivation to exercise, and some safety concerns. We aim to adjust the exercise training plan to patients’ home physical conditions and help them to identify alternative spaces for aerobic training (e.g. shopping malls or parks near their home); we also encourage them to include physical activity in their daily routine. To increase patients’ motivation, we make weekly telephone calls to review their training activities and give positive feedback, always trying to engage patients’ families. Regarding safety concerns expressed by patients and families, we use a hybrid approach, with supervised sessions in our cardiac rehabilitation unit; we start with a low-intensity exercise prescription in order to promote patients’ confidence and adherence, and then make weekly telephone calls and actively discuss exercise progression and any potential concerns.

The COVID-19 pandemic is challenging the delivery of CR programs to HF patients because we now have to consider the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the pandemic is also testing the resilience of our healthcare system, which will need to continue to respond to the high healthcare utilization burden of HF patients. Implementing and scaling up home-based CR programs will improve patients’ quality of life and reduce the number of HF hospitalizations. In addition, it will minimize the negative impact of social isolation and low exercise levels, and function as an important communication framework between this high-risk group of patients and the healthcare system.

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from FCT [PTDC/MEC-CAR/30011/2017] and co-financed by the FEDER under the new Partnership Agreement PT2020 within the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030011. CIAFEL and UnIC are supported by FCT under the scope of the project [UID/DTP/00617/2019] and [UID/IC/00051/2019] respectively. C.S. was supported by an individual grant from CAPES [BEX 0554/14-6].

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References
[1]
M.R.A. Gouveia, R. Ascencao, F. Fiorentino, et al.
Current costs of heart failure in Portugal and expected increases due to population aging.
Rev Port Cardiol, 39 (2020), pp. 3-11
[2]
M.G. Crespo-Leiro, S.D. Anker, A.P. Maggioni, et al.
European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry (ESC-HF-LT): 1-year follow-up outcomes and differences across regions.
Eur J Heart Fail, 18 (2016), pp. 613-625
[3]
R.S. Taylor, L. Long, I.R. Mordi, et al.
Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: cochrane systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.
JACC Heart Fail, 7 (2019), pp. 691-705
[4]
P. Ponikowski, A.A. Voors, S.D. Anker, et al.
2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.
Eur Heart J, 37 (2016), pp. 2129-2200
[5]
Posicao de peritos subscrita pelo Grupo de Estudos de Insuficiencia Cardiaca da Sociedade Portuguesa de C, Nucleo de Estudos de Insuficiencia Cardiaca da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina I, Colegio da Especialidade de Medicina Geral e Familiar da Ordem dos M, Nucleo de Estudos de Doencas Cardiovasculares em Medicina Geral e Familiar e Nucleo de Enfermagem em Cardiologia da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia (Anexo 1), C. Fonseca, D. Brito, R. Cernadas, et al.
For the improvement of heart failure treatment in Portugal – consensus statement.
Rev Port Cardiol, 36 (2017), pp. 1-8
[6]
R.J. Thomas, A.L. Beatty, T.M. Beckie, et al.
Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology.
Circulation, 140 (2019), pp. e69-e89
[7]
A.D. Zwisler, R.J. Norton, S.G. Dean, et al.
Home-based cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Cardiol, 221 (2016), pp. 963-969
[8]
H.M. Imran, M. Baig, S. Erqou, et al.
Home-based cardiac rehabilitation alone and hybrid with center-based cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Am Heart Assoc, 8 (2019), pp. e012779
[9]
E. Piotrowicz, T. Zielinski, R. Bodalski, et al.
Home-based telemonitored Nordic walking training is well accepted, safe, effective and has high adherence among heart failure patients, including those with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a randomised controlled study.
Eur J Prev Cardiol, 22 (2015), pp. 1368-1377
[10]
R. Hwang, J. Bruning, N.R. Morris, et al.
Home-based telerehabilitation is not inferior to a centre-based program in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomised trial.
J Physiother, 63 (2017), pp. 101-107
Copyright © 2020. Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia
Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
Article options
Tools
en pt

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

By checking that you are a health professional, you are stating that you are aware and accept that the Portuguese Journal of Cardiology (RPC) is the Data Controller that processes the personal information of users of its website, with its registered office at Campo Grande, n.º 28, 13.º, 1700-093 Lisbon, telephone 217 970 685 and 217 817 630, fax 217 931 095, and email revista@spc.pt. I declare for all purposes that the information provided herein is accurate and correct.